Deck 12: Seciton 3: Middle Childhood: Cognitive Development

Question 1

With concrete operational thought, children can _____.

A) think logically about visible, tangible things
B) think logically about abstract ideas
C) consistently make good decisions
D) solve most problems on their own

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which statement about the difference between a 4-year-old and a 9-year-old is TRUE?

A) The 4-year-old can separate the relevant from the irrelevant, but the 9-year-old is unable to do so.
B) The 9-year-old can apply abstract thought to the classification process whereas the 4-year-old is unable to do so.
C) The 4-year-old will be able to think logically about concrete situations, whereas the 9-year-old is unable to do so.
D) The 9-year-old can use mental categories more flexibly, inductively, and simultaneously, whereas the 4-year-old is unable to do so.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Seven-year-old Hannah can arrange 10 buttons in order from smallest to largest. Her understanding of _____ allows her to accomplish this.

A) conservation
B) transitive inference
C) seriation
D) abstract reasoning

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Dr. Smith is doing a study to determine what 9-year-olds know. Based on theory, he believes that the 9-year-olds will advance in knowledge based on instructions. Dr. Smith's belief is based on _____.

A) the information processing perspective
B) Piaget's theory of cognitive development
C) Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development
D) Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Question 5

The logical principle that allows objects to be grouped according to some characteristic that they share is called _____.

A) concrete thought
B) transitive inference
C) classification
D) reversibility

Question 6

A child in the concrete operational stage of cognitive development would be able to reason about all of the following EXCEPT _____.

A) what to wear to school
B) what to make for lunch
C) what to tell his parents if he broke a lamp
D) what to buy for a parent's birthday

Question 7

The knowledge that things can be arranged in a logical order is the logical principle of _____.

A) conservation
B) seriation
C) classification
D) reversibility

Question 8

Dr. Holiday is doing a study to determine how 9-year-olds think. Based on theory, he believes that the 9-year-olds should be able to reason logically about concrete situations, situations that are real, tangible, and visible. Dr. Holiday's belief is based on _____.

A) the information processing perspective
B) Piaget's theory of cognitive development
C) Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development
D) Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Question 9

Vygotsky viewed _____ as being crucial to children's development of skills and knowledge.

A) instruction
B) independence
C) exploration
D) passive learning

Question 10

Vygotsky might argue that all of the following could be an instructor to a 6-year-old child EXCEPT _____.

A) a 3-year-old sibling
B) an art teacher
C) a grandparent
D) a 10-year-old friend

Question 11

In one study (Crosnoe et al., 2010) of reading and math ability in third- and fifth-grade children, it was found that high-scoring children usually had three sources of cognitive stimulation. Which was NOT a source of cognitive stimulation?

A) families
B) preschool programs
C) first-grade curriculum
D) media

Question 12

A child is shown a large box and a small box. The large box contains a 5-pound weight and the small box contains a 10-pound weight. The child picks up the boxes and looks at them closely, and then is asked which weighs more. The child is no longer focused only on appearances, so he answers that the small box weighs more. Piaget would say that this child is in the_____ stage of cognitive development.

A) sensorimotor
B) preoperational
C) metacognitive
D) concrete operational

Question 13

Which statement is TRUE?

A) School-age children are able to understand complex, abstract concepts.
B) School-age children are as rigid in their thinking as preschoolers.
C) School-age children are slightly less advanced thinkers than preschoolers.
D) There is no sudden shift between preoperational and concrete operational thought.

Question 14

Nine-year-old Pete sorted screws, bolts, and nails into three piles by type. He is able to correctly sort the objects into separate piles because of the logical principle of _____.

A) conservation
B) seriation
C) classification
D) reversibility

Question 15

According to Piaget, a child between the ages of 6 and 11 can apply logical principles to _____.

A) abstractions, such as truth and liberty
B) chemistry and physics
C) concrete situations (real, tangible, visible)
D) questions of social justice and equality

Question 16

According to Vygotsky's sociocultural framework, every experience after _____ teaches individuals something.

A) birth
B) childhood
C) adolescence
D) adulthood

Question 17

When capable of concrete operational thought, children _____.

A) are limited to intuitive, perceptual focusing
B) can apply their reasoning to real, tangible situations
C) can reason about abstractions
D) are likely to be misled by appearances

Question 18

Piaget believed that in middle childhood, children are in the cognitive period of _____ thought.

A) formal operational
B) preoperational
C) metacognitive
D) concrete operational

Question 19

With respect to sociocultural context, children from the Varanasi region in India learn what specific ability from their culture?

A) observational learning
B) fractions
C) spatial orientation
D) individual discovery

Question 20

According to Piaget, which ability do children gain during middle childhood?

A) static reasoning
B) abstract reasoning
C) logic
D) egocentrism

Question 21

Professor Schuyler believes that people's brains work very much like a computer in terms of input, processing, and output. The professor believes in _____.

A) the information-processing perspective
B) Piaget's theory of cognitive development
C) Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development
D) Erikson's theory of psychosocial development

Question 22

How readily past learning can be brought into working memory from long-term memory is referred to as _____.

A) storage
B) retrieval
C) input
D) short-term memory

Question 23

Important to long-term memory is _____.

A) storage
B) retrieval
C) storage and retrieval
D) neither storage nor retrieval

Question 24

The component of the information-processing system in which virtually limitless amounts of information can be stored indefinitely is _____.

A) working memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) iconic memory

Question 25

To retain information in working memory, individuals must _____.

A) merely be exposed to the information
B) process the information
C) unconsciously be aware of the information
D) do nothing, as the information will be passively absorbed into working memory

Question 26

_____ is one of the leading theorists of the information-processing perspective.

A) Vygotsky
B) Piaget
C) Siegler
D) Silva

Question 27

Emma studied for the spelling test all week and spelled each of the tested words correctly. Emma's ability to do well on her spelling test was based on her ability to _____.

A) store the spelling words in long-term memory
B) retrieve the correct spelling of words from long-term memory
C) classify each word in long-term memory
D) conserve the list of words in long-term memory

Question 28

By the end of middle childhood, the capacity of long-term memory is _____.

A) limited to facts and knowledge gained through repetition
B) limited to highly emotional experiences and objective information
C) unlimited regarding information but limited about emotional experiences
D) very large

Question 29

Which information is most likely to be in your current working memory?

A) everything you see on this page
B) the answer to this question
C) where you saw the term working memory in the text
D) the musical theme of your favorite television show

Question 30

Siegler has studied the day-by-day details of children's cognition in math. He has found that children _____.

A) suddenly grasp the logic of the number system
B) gradually acquire math knowledge and strategies
C) already understand all they need to know about math by 3 years of age
D) do not understand math knowledge and strategies until they are in adolescence

Question 31

The information-processing theory was inspired by the knowledge of how _____ function.

A) animals' brains
B) high-level businesses
C) computers
D) athletic teams

Question 32

The memory system in which signals are held for a split second is called _____ memory.

A) short-term
B) working
C) sensory
D) holding

Question 33

The component of the information-processing system in which current conscious mental activity occurs is the _____.

A) working memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) icon memory

Question 34

A body of knowledge in a particular area that makes it easier to master new information in that area is referred to as knowledge _____.

A) base
B) foundation
C) support
D) start

Question 35

Within an information-processing perspective, the three major steps of the memory process are affected by _____.

A) maturation
B) experience
C) maturation and experience
D) maturation for girls and experience for boys

Question 36

Jill has just heard her teacher say something. The sounds produced by the teacher are first stored in Jill's _____.

A) working memory
B) long-term memory
C) sensory memory
D) short-term memory

Question 37

Strategies for processing information within working memory _____.

A) are universal across cultures
B) can be culturally specific
C) are not impacted by culture
D) are culture-free

Question 38

Tony came to walk with José to school. When José saw Tony's notebook in his backpack, José rushed back into his house to retrieve his own notebook, which contained his homework. José's sensation upon seeing Tony's notebook became a perception, which triggered José's _____.

A) sensory memory
B) working memory
C) long-term memory
D) knowledge base

Question 39

From an information-processing approach, the memory process has three major steps. What is the correct order of this process, beginning with the first component?

A) sensory memory, working memory, long-term memory
B) long-term memory, working memory, sensory memory
C) sensory memory, long-term memory, working memory
D) working memory, sensory memory, long-term memory

Question 40

Sensory memory improves until about age _____ and then remains adequate until late adulthood.

A) 4
B) 7
C) 10
D) 13

Question 41

Which of the following is not an example of a control process?

A) emotional regulation
B) selective attention
C) metacognition
D) pragmatics

Question 42

Control processes improve with _____.

A) fame and wealth
B) income and status
C) age and experience
D) personal motivation and belief

Question 43

During middle childhood, children understand all of these aspects of language EXCEPT _____.

A) prefixes
B) compound words
C) phrases
D) sarcasm

Question 44

Metacognition refers to _____.

A) improving one's problem-solving strategies
B) memorizing detailed information
C) thinking about one's thinking processes
D) considering multiple alternatives

Question 45

Ten-year-old Billy loves baseball and has studied baseball statistics since he was 5 years old. Billy is currently reading this year's statistics for some of his favorite players. He will easily remember the new statistics because of the _____ he has for baseball statistics.

A) knowledge base
B) knowledge foundation
C) knowledge support
D) knowledge start

Question 46

Mastery of pragmatics allows children to change styles of speech, or "codes," depending on the audience. What code are children likely to use with their peers?

A) informal code
B) formal code
C) moderate code
D) extreme code

Question 47

At what age is a child likely to understand what the word "unbreakable" means?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 5
D) 7

Question 48

Abbreviations (such as LOL, BTW, and RU) in text messages and e-mails is an example of _____.

A) metaphors
B) similes
C) grammar
D) codes

Question 49

New concepts are best learned when they are connected to _____.

A) what is already known about a subject
B) current events
C) a teacher-directed curriculum
D) a child-centered curriculum

Question 50

Which of the following factors does NOT facilitate increases in the knowledge base?

A) high intelligence
B) past experience
C) current opportunity
D) personal motivation

Question 51

Addie has weekly spelling tests. On Monday she gets the list of 10 words and realizes she knows how to spell four of the words. Rather than studying these four words, she spends Tuesday and Wednesday studying the six new words. On Wednesday evening she quizzes herself on the six words and learns she now knows how to spell three more. Thursday she studies the three words she still did not know how to spell. Friday morning before the spelling test she quizzes herself on all 10 words and correctly spells all 10 words. Addie's ability to evaluate the task of learning words and monitor and adjust her performance throughout the learning process is due to _____.

A) metacognition
B) automatization
C) control processes
D) abstract reasoning

Question 52

When Kitana wants her teacher to repeat a question, she asks, "Would you please repeat the question?" but when she needs a classmate to repeat himself, she says, "Huh?" This example shows that Kitana understands _____.

A) the pragmatics of language
B) metaphors and similes
C) metacognitive processes
D) the control processes in speech

Question 53

To determine if children benefit from instruction with respect to metacognition or if they are able to develop metacognition spontaneously, children were asked to design four scientific experiments (Klahr & Nigam, 2004). Children were first allowed to design the experiments on their own to determine if they spontaneously used metacognition. Then some children were provided with direct instruction about scientific testing. Finally, all of the children were asked to design four experiments. The results of the study suggested that ____.

A) children who designed experiments on their own did better than those who received instruction
B) children who received instruction designed better experiments than those who did them on their own
C) children who designed experiments on their own understand more about experimental testing than those who received instruction
D) there were no differences between children who designed the experiments on their own and those who received instruction with respect to experimental testing competency

Question 54

Nine-year-old Devon writes, "My brother eats like a hungry pig." This statement demonstrates his understanding of _____.

A) syntax
B) a second language
C) metaphor
D) logic

Question 55

Which factor contributes to increases in a child's knowledge base?

A) scoring high on an IQ test
B) educated parents
C) personal motivation
D) well-developed fine motor skills

Question 56

Mechanisms that combine memory, processing speed, and knowledge to regulate the analysis and flow of information within the information-processing system are referred to as _____.

A) preoperational thought
B) reciprocity
C) the limbic system
D) control processes

Question 57

Metacognition is _____.

A) the process of putting information into long-term memory
B) the process of recalling information
C) thinking about thinking
D) the ability to process multiple stimuli

Question 58

A child yells out, "Yo dude! Did you see that bad shooting star?" The child is likely speaking to his _____.

A) teacher
B) parent
C) grandparent
D) friend

Question 59

Mastery of pragmatics allows children to change styles of speech, or "codes," depending on the audience. What code are children likely to use with their teachers?

A) informal code
B) formal code
C) moderate code
D) extreme code

Question 60

Evaluating a cognitive task to determine how best to accomplish and monitor one's performance is called _____.

A) automatization
B) decentration
C) metacognition
D) social standards

Question 61

Jefferson High School has a student council to guarantee student representation in school affairs. Jakob, a senior, has learned that the administration of this high school wants obedience. Obedience at Jakob's school is an example of a hidden _____.

A) agenda
B) curriculum
C) value
D) assumption

Question 62

The unspoken and often unrecognized lessons that children learn in school, which are the unofficial, unstated, or implicit rules and priorities that influence the academic curriculum and every other aspect of learning in school, are called the _____.

A) territorial imperative
B) whole language theory
C) socioeconomic divide
D) hidden curriculum

Question 63

Beth is taking the TIMSS, which is the international test of _____.

A) science and math
B) IQ
C) creative problem solving
D) reading

Question 64

What is the primary international test of science and math?

A) PIRLS
B) IATS
C) TIMSS
D) SATs

Question 65

Approximately what percent of the world's 7-year-olds are in school?

A) 45
B) 60
C) 75
D) 95

Question 66

While literacy and numeracy are valued in every school, curriculum specifics _____.

A) should not be discussed
B) do not change over time
C) vary by place and culture
D) are largely the same across countries

Question 67

Everywhere in the world, children are taught to _____.

A) read, write, and create
B) read, conduct science experiments, and do arithmetic
C) read, tell stories, and make art
D) read, write, and do arithmetic

Question 68

Research indicates that achievement in middle childhood is _____ teacher and parent expectations.

A) entirely dependent on
B) forced by
C) impacted by
D) contrary to

Question 69

Over the past two decades, more than 50 nations have participated in at least one massive international test of educational achievement. Longitudinal data finds that _____.

A) if achievement rises, the national economy declines
B) if achievement declines, the national economy advances
C) if achievement rises, the national economy advances
D) there is no relation between achievement and the national economy

Question 70

When TIMSS experts recorded math teachers in the United States, Germany, and Japan, what did they find?

A) U.S. teachers presented material at a higher level than their German and Japanese counterparts.
B) Japanese teachers were excited about math instruction and developed collaborative and individual assignments that engaged students on multiple levels.
C) German students were most engaged in math lessons when learning terms and definitions.
D) There is really only one way to teach math, regardless of culture, so little variation was noted.

Question 71

Holly is taking the PIRLS, which is the main international test of _____.

A) science and math
B) IQ
C) creative problem solving
D) reading

Question 72

What is the main international test of reading given to students?

A) TIMSS
B) PIRLS
C) WJ III
D) Stanford-Binet

Question 73

Decades of research throughout the world have found a _____ correlation between academic achievement and socioeconomic status, largely due to language.

A) zero
B) weak
C) moderate
D) strong

Question 74

Alice is 7 years old and comes from a low-SES family. Compared to her peers from higher-SES families, she has difficulty with language learning in school. According to current research, one factor that may be contributing to Alice's language learning difficulty is her lack of _____.

A) early exposure to words
B) personal motivation
C) media exposure
D) education

Question 75

A child's achievement seems more influenced by _____ in the United States than in other nations.

A) income and ethnicity
B) income and neighborhood
C) neighborhood and ethnicity
D) income and parental education

Question 76

In recent years, Finland has gained a great deal of attention for its very successful educational system. Which statement about Finland's educational reform is FALSE?

A) Students are given a series of high-stakes tests at each level.
B) Only the top 3 percent of high school students gain admittance to teachers' colleges.
C) School buildings are designed to foster collaboration.
D) Teachers are encouraged to work collaboratively.

Question 77

John has the ability to talk informally with his friends and more formally to his teachers during class. Clearly John understands the _____.

A) metacognitive aspects of intellect
B) pragmatics of his language
C) automatized view of social interaction
D) control processes of regulation

Question 78

Some children of every ethnicity are classified as _____, based on their proficiency in English.

A) ELL
B) NAEP
C) TIMSS
D) PIRLS

Question 79

Children from low-SES families usually have all of the following compared to children from higher-SES families EXCEPT _____.

A) smaller vocabularies
B) simpler grammar
C) shorter sentences
D) fewer ELL classifications

Question 80

With respect to teacher expectations for academic success among children, _____.

A) teacher expectations are not important
B) teacher expectations are important
C) teacher expectations are only important for girls
D) teacher expectations are only important for boys.