Deck 9: Seciton 2: Early Childhood: Cognitive Development

Question 1

Jana always chooses the taller of two glasses when her older brother pours each of them a glass of juice. Even though there is the same amount of juice in each glass, she believes that there is more juice in hers. Jana is demonstrating that she does not yet understand the concept of _____.

Answer 1

conservation

Question 2

Preschoolers make mistakes in conservation problems because they focus strictly on _____.

Answer 2

appearances

Question 3

_____ refers to preschoolers' tendency to view the world and others exclusively from their own personal perspective.

Answer 3

Egocentrism

Question 4

The internal dialogue in which one talks to oneself either aloud or in one's mind is called _____.

Question 5

The belief that inanimate things (furniture, moon, clouds) are alive is called _____.

Question 6

Children as young as age _____ are more interested in asking questions about why adults behave certain ways than in simply copying what adults do.

Question 7

Beginning around age 4, children go through a change in thinking that allows them to develop a set of ideas about other people's thinking; this new perspective indicates that the children have developed a(n) _____.

Question 8

Maturation of the brain's _____ is required for the development of a child's capacity to understand the perspective of others.

Question 9

The process by which one person learns from another, more experienced mentor as they share social experiences and explorations is known as _____.

Question 10

_____ is a particular type of centration in which a child may insist that Mommy is his mother, not his cousin's aunt.

Question 11

The four obstacles to logical thinking during the preoperational period include centration, focus on appearance, irreversibility, and _____.

Question 12

When two- to six-year-old children imitate an adult's action that is irrelevant, perhaps even inefficient, it is called _____.

Question 13

A temporary, sensitive support structure set up to help children work in the zone of proximal development is called _____.

Question 14

The set of skills a boy can perform with assistance but not independently is considered to be within his _____.

Question 15

Three-year-old Theresa does not want to eat the hot dog her mother made because it has ketchup on it. Her mother wipes off the ketchup, but Theresa still will not eat it. This characteristic of preoperational thought, in which the child feels that a thing cannot be undone or restored, is known as _____.

Question 16

The view that children's cognitive development is embedded in a social context originated with the work of _____.

Question 17

A child watches a ball of modeling clay being rolled into a Tootsie Roll shape. If the child perceives that there is the same amount of modeling clay before than after it is rolled out, that child understands the concept of _____.

Question 18

Learning vocabulary by connecting a new word to words and categories that are already understood is called _____.

Question 19

According to the text, a meta-analysis of 254 studies revealed that _____ children were about six months ahead of U.S. children in developing theory of mind.

Question 20

The human desire to develop theories to explain what is seen and heard is called _____.

Question 21

_____ is the rapid and sometimes imprecise way in which children learn new words by placing them in mental categories based on their perceived meaning.

Question 22

The young children least likely to attend preschool in the United States are those from _____ homes.

Question 23

_____ is the federally funded early-childhood education program that was started in 1965 to help foster better health and cognition in disadvantaged children before first grade.

Question 24

The key research conclusion about what is important for early-childhood education, whether at home or at school, is the _____ of the educational environment.

Question 25

Elsa is becoming more fluent in English than her native Spanish. She is exhibiting a(n) _____.

Question 26

In addition to being influenced by Vygotsky, child-centered programs are also influenced by _____, who believed that each child is capable of discovering new ideas.

Question 27

The child who says, "I seed the dog," or "My tooths hurt," is demonstrating a language error called _____.

Question 28

Child-centered programs are influenced by _____, who believed that children can learn much from other children with the guidance of adults.

Question 29

Neuroscience finds that young _____ children site two languages in the same areas of their brains yet manage to keep them separate.

Question 30

In the United States, approximately _____ percent of young children enrolled in pre-primary programs are of Hispanic heritage.

Question 31

When a child learns a word and then uses it to describe other objects in the same category (such as calling a black-and-white cow a "Dalmatian cow" after learning about Dalmatian dogs), the child is using _____.

Question 32

Early-childhood educational programs designed to meet children's developmental and growth needs are called _____ programs.

Question 33

Currently, 40 states sponsor public education for young children, usually only for low-income 4-year-olds. Of the 40 states that sponsor early education, the average funding is less than _____ per year per student.

Question 34

A preschool program that teaches basic skills (precursors to reading, writing, and arithmetic) in order to prepare children to be "ready to learn" when they enter elementary school is called a _____ program.

Question 35

Amy designed her preschool classroom with several play areas that can accommodate groups of children so they can learn from one another. Her classroom shows the influence of _____, who thought that children learn from other children in addition to adults.

Question 36

Antonio is as fluent in his second language as in his native Italian. Antonio is a(n) _____.

Question 37

_____ designed a special educational program with structured, individualized projects meant to give children a sense of accomplishment.