Deck 2: The Evolution of Management

Question 1

Sociotechnical systems theory helps a manager make a decision by developing formal mathematical models of a problem.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Change continually creates both new opportunities and new demands for lowering costs and for achieving greater innovation, quality, and speed.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

_____, founded in the late 19th century, was one of the first university programs to offer management and business education.

A) Harvard Business School at Harvard University
B) The Wharton School at the University of Pennsylvania
C) Stanford Graduate School of Business at Stanford University
D) MIT Sloan School of Management at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology
E) Kellogg School of Management at Northwestern University

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Around 1436, the _____ standardized production through the use of an assembly line.

A) Chinese
B) Egyptians
C) Venetians
D) Greeks
E) Romans

Question 5

In the context of the origins of management, the emergence of the Hawthorne Effect drove managers to strive for further growth.

Question 6

Lillian Gilbreth focused on the human side of management and was interested in how job satisfaction motivated employees.

Question 7

In the context of the classical approaches to management, the systematic management approach led to widespread production efficiency.

Question 8

One of the fourteen principles of management identified by Henri Fayol was the subordination of individual interest to the general interest.

Question 9

If one does not anticipate change and adapt to it, one's firm will not thrive in a competitive business world.

Question 10

Around _____, the Greeks recognized management as a separate art and advocated a scientific approach to work.

A) 4000 BC
B) 500 BC
C) 400-350 BC
D) 1100 BC
E) 2000 BC

Question 11

In 1776, _____ discussed control and the principle of specialization with regard to manufacturing workers.

A) Douglas McGregor
B) Max Weber
C) Frederick Taylor
D) Abraham Maslow
E) Adam Smith

Question 12

Management could not emerge as a formal discipline even after the industrial revolution ended.

Question 13

Research on sociotechnical systems theory was a precursor to the total quality management TQM) movement.

Question 14

Who discussed control and the principle of specialization with regard to manufacturing workers?

A) Adam Smith
B) Henri Fayol
C) Frederick Taylor
D) Abraham Maslow
E) Max Weber

Question 15

In the context of the origins of management, Wu Qi, a Chinese general, discussed the importance of planning and leading in his book The Art of War.

Question 16

Reductions in the average cost of a unit production as the total volume produced increases is

A) systematic management.
B) economies of scale.
C) Hawthorne Effect.
D) human relations.
E) trial-and-error.

Question 17

The evolution of management thought is divided into _____ major sections.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five
E) six

Question 18

In the context of the origins of management, throughout history, most managers operated by an)

A) trial-and-error basis.
B) organizational behavior basis.
C) scientific management basis.
D) bureaucracy basis.
E) contingency basis.

Question 19

The opportunities for mass production created by the ______ spawned intense and systematic thought about management problems and issues.

A) economies of scale
B) industrial revolution
C) resurgence methodology
D) management and business education schools
E) sociotechnical systems theory

Question 20

_____ refers) to reductions in the average cost of a unit of production as the total volume produced increases.

A) Smoothing
B) Buffering
C) Systematic management
D) Economies of scale
E) Quantitative management

Question 21

Which of the following is a drawback of the bureaucratic approach to management?

A) Production tasks are reduced to machine-like movements that lead to boredom.
B) This approach may not help managers deal with competitors and government regulations.
C) This approach does not accommodate rapid decision making and flexibility.
D) This approach emphasizes only money as a worker incentive.
E) This approach ensures that all employees perform their best with excessive rules and regulations.

Question 22

Which of the following is a principle of the human relations approach?

A) Scientific methods should be applied to analyze work.
B) Social needs have precedence over economic needs.
C) Management should cooperate with workers to ensure that jobs match plans.
D) Wasteful movements can be identified and removed to increase productivity.
E) Management is a profession and can be taught.

Question 23

Which term best refers to people's reactions to being observed or studied resulting in superficial rather than meaningful changes in behavior?

A) esprit de corps
B) division of labor
C) Hawthorne effect
D) subordination of individual interest to the general interest
E) scientific management

Question 24

_____ introduced the scientific management approach that advocated the application of scientific methods to analyze work and to determine how to complete production tasks efficiently.

A) Frederick Taylor
B) Henry L. Gantt
C) Lillian M. Gilbreth
D) Max Weber
E) Henri Fayol

Question 25

Which of the following is true of Abraham Maslow's contribution to the field of human relations?

A) He emphasized the maintenance of inventories to meet consumer demand.
B) He was concerned with meeting the explosive growth in demand brought about by the industrial revolution.
C) He suggested that humans have five levels of needs.
D) He concluded that management decisions were unsystematic.
E) He advocated the application of scientific methods to analyze work.

Question 26

Which of Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management refers to keeping communications within the chain of command?

A) discipline
B) authority
C) unity of command
D) scalar chain
E) equity

Question 27

According to Abraham Maslow, the most advanced human need is for

A) esteem.
B) love or belonging.
C) self-actualization.
D) safety.
E) homeostasis

Question 28

The critics of scientific management claimed that

A) organizations that need rapid decision making and flexibility may suffer with this approach.
B) managers may ignore appropriate rules and regulations.
C) managers were not trained to apply the principles of the theory.
D) it leads to too much authority being vested in too few people.
E) it did not help managers deal with broader external issues.

Question 29

In the classical approaches to management, proponents of the _____ approach argued that managers should stress primarily employee welfare, motivation, and communication.

A) scientific management
B) systematic management
C) administrative management
D) human relations
E) bureaucracy

Question 30

Which classical approach to management advocates that management must gain the cooperation of the group and promote job satisfaction and group norms consistent with the goals of the organization?

A) systematic management
B) scientific management
C) administrative management
D) bureaucracy
E) human relations

Question 31

Which approach was the first to emphasize informal work relationships and worker satisfaction and emerged from a scientific management study that resulted in the discovery of the Hawthorne effect?

A) human relations
B) Hawthorne Studies
C) bureaucracy
D) administrative management
E) scientific management

Question 32

Bureaucracy can be defined as

A) a classical management approach that applied scientific methods to analyze and determine the "one best way" to complete production tasks.
B) a classical management approach that attempted to understand and explain how human psychological and social processes interact with the formal aspects of the work situation to influence performance.
C) a classical management approach that attempted to build into operations the specific procedures and processes that would ensure coordination of effort to achieve established goals and plans.
D) a contemporary management approach that emphasizes the application of quantitative analysis to managerial decisions and problems.
E) a classical management approach emphasizing a structured, formal network of relationships among specialized positions in the organization.

Question 33

Which of the following is true of Frederick Taylor's contributions to scientific management as an approach to management?

A) Taylor believed that supervisors could be motivated to provide training to underperforming workers.
B) Taylor created the Gantt chart, which helps managers plan projects by task and time to complete those tasks.
C) Taylor developed a system to lower costs and increase worker productivity by showing how employees could work smarter, not harder.
D) Taylor focused less on the technical and more on the human side of management.
E) Taylor advocated the use of the differential piecerate system.

Question 34

The _____ approach is aimed at understanding how psychological and social processes interact with the work situation to influence performance.

A) scientific management
B) systematic management
C) administrative management
D) human relations
E) bureaucracy

Question 35

If an organization ensures that a chain of command or hierarchy is well established, which characteristic of an effective bureaucracy does it exhibit?

A) qualifications
B) division of labor
C) authority
D) ownership
E) rules and controls

Question 36

What does initiative as one of Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management refer to?

A) encouraging employees to act on their own in support of the organization's direction
B) promoting a unity of interests between employees and management
C) determining the relative importance of superior and subordinate roles
D) assigning only one supervisor to each employee
E) dividing work into specialized tasks and assigning responsibilities to specific individuals

Question 37

_____ is a classical management approach that attempted to build into operations the specific procedures and processes that would ensure coordination of effort to achieve established goals and plans.

A) Scientific management
B) Administrative management
C) Systematic management
D) Human relations
E) Bureaucracy

Question 38

_____ wrote the book Dynamic Administration, which emphasized the continually changing situations that managers face. Two key contributions of the author are the notion that managers desire flexibility and the differences between motivating groups and individuals.

A) Lillian Gilbreth
B) Adam Smith
C) Henri Fayol
D) Max Weber
E) Mary Parker Follett

Question 39

Which of the following helped organizations achieve goals through systematic management?

A) emphasis on the application of quantitative analysis to managerial decisions and problems
B) careful definition of duties and responsibilities
C) preservation of employees' interpersonal relationships and other human aspects of the work
D) focus on decentralization in decision making
E) encouragement of participation and provision of opportunities for individual challenge

Question 40

Which of Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management refers to determining the relative importance of superior and subordinate roles?

A) centralization
B) scalar chain
C) initiative
D) authority
E) discipline

Question 41

Which of the following led Taylor to introduce an approach to management known as scientific management?

A) He believed that specific procedures and processes should be built into operations to ensure coordination of effort.
B) He concluded that management decisions were unsystematic and that no research existed to determine the best means of production.
C) He emphasized economical operations, adequate staffing, maintenance of inventories to meet consumer demand, and organizational control.
D) He believed that bureaucratic structures can eliminate the variability that results when managers in the same organization have different skills, experiences, and goals.
E) He advocated that the jobs themselves be standardized so that personnel changes would not disrupt the organization.

Question 42

In the context of the classical approaches to management, _____ did not address all the issues faced by 19th-century managers, but it tried to raise managers' awareness about the most pressing concerns of their job.

A) human relations
B) administrative management
C) scientific management
D) bureaucracy
E) systematic management

Question 43

Abraham Maslow argued that people try to satisfy

A) their lower-level needs and then progress upward to the higher-level needs.
B) their higher-level needs and then progress downward to the lower-level needs.
C) their mid-level needs first, then decide to progress upward or downward.
D) their mid-level needs and then progress upward to the high-level needs.
E) their mid-level needs and then progress downward to the lower-level needs.

Question 44

Which of the following approaches to management was criticized for being too simplistic, for a belief that a happy worker was a productive worker?

A) scientific management approach
B) systematic management approach
C) bureaucratic approach
D) human relations approach
E) administrative management approach

Question 45

Which of the following statements is true about systematic management?

A) It advocated the application of scientific methods to analyze work and to determine how to complete production tasks efficiently.
B) It emphasized adequate staffing, maintenance of inventories to meet consumer demand, and organizational control.
C) It stressed the importance of hiring and training a proper worker to do a particular job.
D) It assumed workers were motivated by receiving money.
E) It implemented a pay system in which workers were paid additional wages when they exceeded a standard level of output for each job.

Question 46

________ approach to management ignored the more rational side of the worker and the important characteristics of the formal organization.

A) Scientific
B) Systematic
C) Human relations
D) Sociotechnical
E) Bureaucratic

Question 47

Which of the following is a criticism of the bureaucratic approach to management?

A) Once established, it is very difficult to dismantle such an organizational structure.
B) The concept that a happy worker is a productive worker is too simplistic.
C) The economic aspects of the workplace are overemphasized.
D) Job-related factors were ignored by emphasizing only money.
E) Production tasks were reduced to routine procedures which led to boredom.

Question 48

According to the five levels of needs suggested by Abraham Maslow, which is the most advanced need from among the given options?

A) friendship
B) personal fulfillment
C) shelter
D) food
E) rest

Question 49

According to _____, bureaucratic positions discourage specialized skills because they foster subjective judgments by managers.

A) Adam Smith
B) Max Weber
C) Henri Fayol
D) Frederick Taylor
E) Abraham Maslow

Question 50

What was the aim of the human relations approach to management?

A) emphasizing economical operations, adequate staffing, maintenance of inventories to meet consumer demand, and organizational control
B) applying scientific methods to analyze work and to determine how to complete production tasks efficiently
C) eliminating the variability that results when managers in the same organization have different skills, experiences, and goals
D) emphasizing the perspective of senior managers within the organization
E) understanding how psychological and social processes interact with the work situation to influence performance

Question 51

Which of the following is a contribution of Frederick Taylor?

A) He suggested that managers who encourage participation and allow opportunities for individual challenge and initiative would achieve superior performance.
B) He developed a system to lower costs and increase worker productivity by showing how employees could work smarter, not harder.
C) He concluded that management decisions were unsystematic and that no research to determine the best means of production existed.
D) He created a notion that managers desire flexibility and gave the differences between motivating groups and individuals.
E) He suggested that frontline supervisors should receive a bonus for each of their workers who completed their assigned daily tasks.

Question 52

The _____ effect refers to people's reactions to being observed or studied resulting in superficial rather than meaningful changes in behavior.

A) John Henry
B) Pygmalion
C) Observer-expectancy
D) Hawthorne
E) Novelty

Question 53

Which of the following was an area of interest for Lillian Gilbreth, an influential contributor?

A) how poor labor coordination caused problems
B) how job satisfaction motivated employees
C) how bureaucratic positions can foster specialized skills
D) how the piece rate system affected productivity
E) how mass production was encouraged by the industrial revolution

Question 54

_____ argued that people try to satisfy their lower-level needs and then progress upward to the higher-level needs.

A) Elton Mayo
B) William Procter
C) Frederick Taylor
D) Abraham Maslow
E) Fritz Roethlisberger

Question 55

Which of the following is a criticism of the human relations approach to management?

A) Too much authority may be vested in too few people.
B) Rules need to be followed in a routine and biased manner.
C) The important characteristics of the formal organization are ignored.
D) Procedures may become the ends rather than the means.
E) Production tasks are reduced to a set of routine procedures that lead to quality control problems.

Question 56

In the context of Henri Fayol's 14 principles of management, _____ refers to making expectations clear and punishing violations.

A) order
B) authority
C) scalar chain
D) subordination of individual interest to the general interest
E) discipline

Question 57

______ introduced the scientific management approach in response to the failure of systematic management to bring about widespread production efficiency.

A) Adam Smith
B) Frederick Taylor
C) Max Weber
D) Henri Fayol
E) Abraham Maslow

Question 58

Which is the most basic human need, as suggested by Abraham Maslow?

A) physical
B) safety
C) self-actualization
D) love and belonging
E) esteem

Question 59

_________ management emphasized internal operations because managers were concerned primarily with meeting the explosive growth in demand brought about by the industrial revolution.

A) Scientific
B) Systematic
C) Administrative
D) Bureaucratic
E) Quantitative

Question 60

As a key element of _______ approach, the principle of the piecerate system primarily promoted the use of standardized workplaces that were hygienic and safe.

A) Adam Smith's
B) Frederick Taylor's
C) Henri Fayol's
D) Max Weber's
E) Douglas McGregor's

Question 61

The classical approaches as a whole were criticized because

A) they overemphasized the relationship between an organization and its external environment.
B) they assumed employees wanted to work and could direct and control themselves.
C) most managers were not trained in using the classical approaches.
D) they usually stressed one aspect of an organization or its employees at the expense of other considerations.
E) many aspects of a management decision could not be expressed through mathematical symbols and formulas.

Question 62

McGregor advocated a _____, suggesting that managers who encourage participation and allow opportunities for individual challenge and initiative would achieve superior performance.

A) Theory X perspective
B) Theory Y perspective
C) bureaucratic approach
D) human relations approach
E) contingency perspective

Question 63

Which of the following is a contemporary approach to management?

A) scientific management
B) human relations
C) administrative management
D) systematic management
E) quantitative management

Question 64

Which contemporary approach to management has been used in a limited manner because many aspects of a management decision cannot be expressed through mathematical symbols and formulas?

A) Organizational behavior
B) Systematic management
C) Quantitative management
D) Human relations
E) Administrative management

Question 65

According to Henri Fayol's principles of management, which of the following refers to systematically reward efforts that support the organization's direction?

A) remuneration
B) centralization
C) scalar chain
D) equity
E) esprit de corps

Question 66

What is a feature of organizational behavior?

A) The more recent contributions made by organizational behavior have a narrower viewpoint.
B) Unlike other approaches, it has always been appreciated for its broad perspective.
C) It does not address factors like employee involvement and self-management.
D) Through the years, organizational behavior has consistently emphasized development of an organizations' human resources to achieve organizational rather than individual goals.
E) In the past few years, many of the primary issues addressed by organizational behavior have experienced a rebirth with a greater interest in leadership.

Question 67

Which of the following is an input used by organizations?

A) raw materials
B) trademarks
C) esprit de corps
D) contingencies
E) incentives

Question 68

A manager assumes workers are lazy and irresponsible and require constant supervision and external motivation to achieve organizational goals. Which of the following does the manager most likely follow?

A) Theory X
B) sociotechnical systems approach
C) bureaucracy approach
D) human relations approach
E) systems theory

Question 69

According to Henri Fayol's principles of management, which of the following refers to promoting a unity of interest between employees and management?

A) remuneration
B) discipline
C) esprit de corps
D) centralization
E) scalar chain

Question 70

When a manager treats employees as lazy, unmotivated, and in need of tight supervision, the employees eventually meet the manager's expectations by acting that way. According to Douglas McGregor, this is known as

A) a contingency.
B) an open system.
C) a physiological need.
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
E) a bureaucratic approach.

Question 71

Research on _____ promoted the use of teamwork and semiautonomous work groups as important factors for creating efficient production systems.

A) organizational behavior
B) bureaucracy
C) sociotechnical systems theory
D) human relations
E) administrative management

Question 72

Taylor's theory is criticized because it

A) ignored job-related social and psychological factors by emphasizing only money as a worker incentive.
B) was vested in too many people.
C) was too simplistic to be applicable to the real world.
D) treated the principles as universal truths for management.
E) promoted a unity of interest between employees and management.

Question 73

What explains the limited use of quantitative management?

A) It is difficult to discontinue the use of this process once it has been established.
B) Many of the decisions managers face are nonroutine and unpredictable.
C) Managers are oriented more toward things than toward people.
D) It holds that all aspects of a management decision should mandatorily be expressed through mathematical symbols and formulas.
E) It believes that economic needs have precedence over social needs.

Question 74

Which of the following is true of the sociotechnical systems theory?

A) It emphasizes the perspective of senior managers within the organization and argues that management is a profession and can be taught.
B) It suggests that organizations are effective when their employees have the right tools, training, and knowledge to make products and services that are valued by customers.
C) It believes that bureaucratic structures can eliminate the variability that results when managers in the same organization have different skills, experiences, and goals.
D) It advocates the application of scientific methods to analyze work and to determine how to complete production tasks efficiently.
E) It attempts to build specific procedures and processes into operations to ensure coordination of effort.

Question 75

In the context of contemporary approaches to management, managers may use _____ to compare alternatives and eliminate weaker options.

A) quantitative management
B) organizational behavior
C) the sociotechnical systems theory
D) the contingency perspective
E) administrative management

Question 76

_____ is a contemporary management approach that studies and identifies management activities that promote employee effectiveness by examining the complex and dynamic nature of individual, group, and organizational processes.

A) Quantitative management
B) Organizational behavior
C) Systems theory
D) Contingency perspective
E) Sociotechnical systems theory

Question 77

Which is the correct statement about the sociotechnical systems theory?

A) Most organizations did not adopt the sociotechnical systems theory for management problems until the year 2000.
B) It was the first major approach to emphasize informal work relationships and worker satisfaction.
C) It was developed in the early 1950s by researchers from the London-based Tavistock Institute of Human Relations.
D) It emphasized the perspective of senior managers within an organization.
E) It emphasized a structured, formal network of relationships among specialized positions in an organization.

Question 78

Which of the following statements is true of the systems theory?

A) It emphasizes that an organization is one system in a series of subsystems.
B) It implements a piecerate system in which workers are paid additional wages when they exceed a standard level of output for each job.
C) It enforces a system that suggests that frontline supervisors should receive a bonus for each of their workers who completed their assigned daily tasks.
D) It develops a system to lower costs and increase worker productivity by showing how employees could work smarter, not harder.
E) It suggests that organizations are effective when they have the social system and the technical system to make products and services that are valued by customers.

Question 79

Who suggested that frontline supervisors should receive a bonus for each of their workers who completed their assigned daily tasks?

A) Adam Smith
B) Henri Fayol
C) Henry Gantt
D) Abraham Maslow
E) Max Weber

Question 80

This approach to management owes much to other major schools of thought. For example, many of the ideas of the Gilbreths scientific management) and Barnard and Follett administrative management) influenced its development from 1930 to 1955. In fact, it emerged from a research project that began as a scientific management study. Which classical approach to management has been described here?

A) administrative management
B) systematic management
C) scientific management
D) human relations
E) bureaucracy