Deck 8: Memory

Question 1

Dawn remembers where she was and what she was doing when Michael Jackson died,seemingly as if it occurred yesterday.This memory is called a

A)source memory.
B)flashbulb memory.
C)serial-position memory.
D)flashback memory.

Answer 1

flashbulb memory.

Question 2

The inability to distinguish what you originally experienced from what you heard or were told about an event later is called

A)semantic memory.
B)priming.
C)explicit memory.
D)source misattribution.

Answer 2

source misattribution.

Question 3

Long-term memory is sometimes unreliable because of _______ of information.

A)reconstruction
B)retention
C)coding
D)chunking

Answer 3

reconstruction

Question 4

Retrieving a memory is like

A)replaying a videotape of an event.
B)reading a short story that describes the characters in detail,but does not include the dialogue.
C)hearing the soundtrack of a story without access to the visual and other sensory images.
D)watching unconnected frames of a movie and figuring out what the rest of the scene was like.

Question 5

Chad remembers the feeling of excitement in his house when his mother stepped through the door with his new baby sister.He can still picture the tiny little baby with a stocking cap on her head! His parents can't convince him that he actually stayed with his grandparents for two weeks after his sister was born and that his memory never happened! Chad's memory is an example of

A)childhood amnesia.
B)confabulation.
C)psychogenic amnesia.
D)repression.

Question 6

Irene swears that she was there the night her best friend got into a fight with her ex-boyfriend.It takes several of her friends to convince her that she was not.Which of the following likely made Irene's fake memory seem so real to her?

A)She had only heard the story of the fight a few times.
B)The fight occurred only a year ago.
C)Her memory contained only a few key details.
D)The fight was easy to imagine.

Question 7

Memories that concern events that are highly significant and are vividly remembered are called

A)elaborative rehearsals.
B)flashbulb memories.
C)eidetic images.
D)eyewitness images.

Question 8

A system that allows people to retain information over time is called

A)memory.
B)cognition.
C)computer.
D)intelligence.

Question 9

Christina was visiting a friend in New York City on September 11,2001,the day of the attack on the World Trade Center.To her,that day seems frozen in time.She remembers exactly where she was,what she was doing,and what she felt as the morning transpired.This vivid recollection is known as

A)source misattribution.
B)a flashbulb memory.
C)a serial-position effect.
D)a frozen memory.

Question 10

Which term is used to describe the confusion of an event that happened to someone else with one that happened to you?

A)confabulation
B)flashbulb memory
C)serial-position effect
D)priming

Question 11

The reconstructive nature of memory helps the mind work efficiently.As a result

A)we can store all of the information pertaining to an experience.
B)we can use our knowledge of the world to figure out the specifics when we need them.
C)our brains are crammed with infinite details.
D)we are not vulnerable to suggestion.

Question 12

When 6-year-old Sven's parents overhear him describing his third birthday party,they look at each other in surprise.Sven appears to remember the birthday cake his father was baking burned and his aunt had to run out and buy one from a bakery,even though Sven was not present when those events occurred.Sven's memory illustrates the concept of

A)priming.
B)implicit memory.
C)confabulation.
D)decay.

Question 13

Detective Adams interrogates eyewitnesses of crimes on a regular basis.To ensure that their testimony is accurate,it is important that he

A)ask leading questions.
B)make suggestive comments.
C)avoid misleading information.
D)provide misleading information.

Question 14

_______________ refers to the capacity to retain and retrieve information.

A)Recall
B)Memory
C)Priming
D)Recognition

Question 15

According to Sir Frederic Bartlett

A)memory is like a video camera recording an entire experience.
B)memory is largely a reconstructive process,like putting together a puzzle when you are missing some pieces.
C)memory for complex information is generally reproduced by rote.
D)emotional memories are especially vivid and detailed.

Question 16

_______________ is an especially vivid memory of an emotional event.

A)Reconstructive memory
B)A flashbulb memory
C)Semantic memory
D)Video memory

Question 17

Roger Brown and James Kulik labeled the vivid recollection of emotional events as

A)source amnesia.
B)flashbulb memories.
C)serial position effects.
D)frozen memories.

Question 18

Eyewitness testimonies by victims are most likely to contain errors when the suspect

A)is of a different gender than the victim.
B)is significantly older than the victim.
C)is significantly younger than the victim.
D)is of a different ethnic background than the victim.

Question 19

Memory is critical to our lives because

A)it confers a sense of personal identity,which enhances our sense of coherence.
B)without memory,we could not experience emotions.
C)it operates as a video camera would,automatically recording every moment of our lives.
D)each thing that happens to us,or impinges on our senses,is tucked away for later use.

Question 20

Flashbulb memories

A)are not subject to periodic revision.
B)concern events that are highly significant.
C)are almost always highly accurate.
D)include a memory's main subject,but not the background events.

Question 21

The relearning method of measuring implicit memory,devised by Ebbinghaus,involves

A)recognition of previous information shared.
B)recall of a previously performed task.
C)studying information or a task learned previously.
D)reteaching of information learned at an earlier age.

Question 22

Which of the following ways of measuring explicit memory is usually easiest?

A)recognition
B)recall
C)relearning
D)referral

Question 23

Unconscious retention in memory,as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts and actions is called

A)explicit memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)declarative memory.
D)procedural memory.

Question 24

Which of the following would require recognition?

A)fill-in-the-blank exams
B)essay exams
C)true-false exams
D)playing Trivial Pursuit

Question 25

Maria wrote a shopping list prior to going to the grocery store.Unfortunately,when she arrived at the store she realized she had left the list at home.If she is to purchase the items on her list,Maria must rely on which memory task?

A)recall
B)recognition
C)interpretation
D)relearning

Question 26

Research suggests that the best way to encourage truthful testimony by children is to

A)reassure them that their friends have had the same experiences.
B)reward them when they tell you that something happened.
C)scold them if you believe that they are lying.
D)try to avoid asking the child leading questions.

Question 27

Under most circumstances,when you are intentionally trying to remember an item of information,_______________ is an easier task than _______________.

A)recognition;recall
B)recall;recognition
C)priming;the savings method
D)the savings method;priming

Question 28

In addressing the debate regarding children's memories of sexual abuse,it has become clear that

A)children's memories cannot ever be trusted because children will always say whatever adults expect.
B)assuming that a child has been abused until the evidence suggests otherwise is one way to improve the accuracy of allegations.
C)preschoolers are more vulnerable to suggestive questions than are school-aged children.
D)children do not lie about or misremember traumatic experiences,such as sexual abuse.

Question 29

Sarah enjoys playing games such as Jeopardy! and Trivial Pursuit,which require her to answer questions based on her ability to recall information pertaining to events that are stored in memory.These types of games test Sarah's

A)explicit memory.
B)flashbulb memory.
C)reconstructive memory.
D)priming abilities.

Question 30

The items on this test illustrate which method of testing memory?

A)cued recall
B)savings
C)recognition
D)free recall

Question 31

When psychologists ask someone to read or listen to some information and then test the person later to see if the information affected performance on a completely different task,they are using a memory-testing method known as

A)recognition.
B)recall.
C)priming.
D)relearning.

Question 32

Jannell solved a crossword puzzle on Thursday,and by Saturday she doesn't recall the words in the puzzle.But Saturday night,when she is playing Scrabble with her brother,she creates a few of the words that were in the puzzle.Jannell has __________ memory for some of the words.

A)a flashbulb
B)recognition
C)explicit
D)implicit

Question 33

Mackenzie took French lessons when she was very young.As an adult,however,she could not remember any French.Despite this,when she enrolls in a continuing education course on French,she picks up the language much faster than the other students in her class.This is likely an example of:

A)recall.
B)recognition.
C)explicit memory.
D)relearning.

Question 34

__________ is the ability to retrieve and reproduce information encountered earlier.

A)Recall
B)Recognition
C)Priming
D)Relearning

Question 35

Why is implicit memory so difficult to study?

A)It does not operate on a conscious level.
B)It is a more recently identified type of memory.
C)It is concerned with the identification of only certain words and objects.
D)It is more susceptible to confabulation.

Question 36

Conscious,intentional recollection of an event or of an item of information is called

A)explicit memory.
B)implicit memory.
C)autobiographical memory.
D)procedural memory.

Question 37

__________ is the ability to identify information you have previously observed,read,or heard about.

A)Recall
B)Recognition
C)Interpretation
D)Recreation

Question 38

In an experiment at a preschool,a young man read a story to the children and gave them a treat.A week later,an experimenter asked the children in Group 1 leading questions about aggressive acts that never occurred (Did he throw a crayon at a child?).She asked the children in Group 2 leading questions but also used influence techniques.The results showed that

A)3-year-olds in Group 2 said "Yes" to over 80 percent of the allegations suggested to them.
B)there was no effect of the child's age on the likelihood they would say "Yes" to the allegations.
C)3-year-olds in Group 1 said,"No,it didn't happen" to all the allegations.
D)there were no significant differences in the responses of children in Group 1 and Group 2.

Question 39

Which of the following examples is a question that would most likely reduce the chance of false reporting by a child?

A)"Everyone else saw it happen.You did too,right?"
B)"Where were you when the teacher pushed him?"
C)"Can you tell me the reason you came to talk to me today?"
D)"Let's 'pretend' that he touched you.What would you say happened next?"

Question 40

A recognition test requires one to

A)reproduce material when provided a cue.
B)profit from previous learning to relearn faster.
C)pick the correct answer from among several possible ones provided.
D)reproduce material without cues provided.

Question 41

The sensory registers

A)are measures of retention.
B)retain past information.
C)control our attention span.
D)receive sensory information from the external world.

Question 42

Auditory images remain in the sensory register for about

A)½ second.
B)2 seconds.
C)30 seconds.
D)1 minute.

Question 43

Visual images remain in the sensory register for a maximum of

A)½ second.
B)2 seconds.
C)30 seconds.
D)1 minute.

Question 44

The step in the memory process that actually makes our memories available to us is

A)retrieval.
B)encoding.
C)rehearsal.
D)storage.

Question 45

Critics of the three-box model of memory are likely to agree that

A)the human brain processes information sequentially.
B)the human brain does not operate like the average computer.
C)auditory information is retained in the sensory register for one-half second.
D)information flows from one memory system to the next.

Question 46

Ambassador McKenzie was about to ask a French diplomat to repeat his last comment but then his auditory subsystem of ________ enabled him to "select" what had been said and ignore all the extraneous sounds in the reception room.

A)working memory
B)short-term memory
C)long-term memory
D)sensory register

Question 47

One objection to the three-box model of memory is that

A)short-term memory is not usually involved in the conscious processing of information.
B)the brain performs many independent operations simultaneously.
C)sensory register is actually able to store information for 30 seconds.
D)there is a limit to the capacity of long-term memory.

Question 48

Which memory system has an unlimited capacity and can keep information for hours or decades?

A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory register
D)implicit memory

Question 49

After studying the memory difficulties of H.M.and patients like him,it became apparent that

A)implicit memories cannot be retained but explicit memories can be recalled normally.
B)incoming sensory information bypasses the sensory register causing severe memory deficits.
C)the ability to transfer explicit information from STM into LTM is intact.
D)the ability to bring information from long-term memory into working memory is intact.

Question 50

In regard to STM,researchers agree on which of the following statements?

A)Short-term memory holds more than we think it does.
B)Short-term memory can grow and be enlarged.
C)The number of items that short-term memory can hold is limited.
D)The sensory register and short-term memory are one and the same.

Question 51

According to the parallel distributed processing model,the human memory is recognized as

A)information directly flowing from one system to another.
B)connections among thousands of interacting processing units.
C)a three-box model approach,similar to that of a computer.
D)connections that stop in subsystems and may or may not continue to the next.

Question 52

Information in short-term memory is retained for about _______________ if it is not rehearsed.

A)2-3 seconds or less
B)30 seconds
C)5-20 minutes
D)30 minutes

Question 53

Another name for the parallel distributed processing (PDP)model of memory is the

A)interaction model.
B)multiple process model.
C)connectionist model.
D)long-term potentiation model.

Question 54

What are the components of the information-processing model in order?

A)retrieval,encoding,storage
B)encoding,capturing,retrieval
C)capturing,encoding,retrieval
D)encoding,storage,retrieval

Question 55

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic memory processes?

A)retrieval
B)encoding
C)storage
D)conceptualization

Question 56

Information selected from sensory register is transferred to conscious awareness or

A)primary memory.
B)short-term memory.
C)factual memory.
D)long-term memory.

Question 57

In the "three-box model of memory," which memory system holds information for a few seconds of time until it can be processed further?

A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory register
D)implicit memory

Question 58

Which memory system has a limited capacity and stores items for about 30 seconds?

A)short-term memory
B)long-term memory
C)sensory register
D)implicit memory

Question 59

The __________ model of memory suggests that knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units,distributed in a vast network and all operating in parallel.

A)relearning
B)parallel distributed processing
C)three-box
D)priming

Question 60

Which memory system provides us with a very brief image of all the stimuli present at a particular moment?

A)long-term memory
B)sensory register
C)primary memory
D)short-term memory

Question 61

Ryan,an avid football enthusiast,and his mother,who is much less familiar with the game,are watching their favorite college team attempt to score.Which of the following conclusions is most likely?

A)The positions of the players form one chunk in Ryan's STM but 11 chunks in his mother's STM.
B)The positions of the players form 11 chunks in Ryan's STM but one chunk in his mother's STM.
C)The positions of the players form 11 chunks in both Ryan's and his mother's STM.
D)The positions of the players form one chunk in both Ryan's and his mother's STM.

Question 62

_______________ provide(s)the mental equivalent of a scratch pad.

A)Long-term memory
B)Semantic categories
C)Pattern recognition
D)Working memory

Question 63

For most Americans,the abbreviation U.S.A.consists of _______________ informational chunk(s).

A)one
B)three
C)six
D)seven plus or minus two

Question 64

Many years ago,telephone numbers had only four or five digits.Even now,no more than seven digits are used for phone numbers.The most reasonable psychological explanation for this is that

A)there is a direct relationship between the number of items in the sensory registers and their retention.
B)there is an inverse relationship between the number of items in the sensory registers and their retention.
C)there is a direct relationship between the number of items in short-term memory and their retention.
D)there is an inverse relationship between the number of items in short-term memory and their retention.

Question 65

Which of the following is considered to be an implicit memory?

A)procedural memory
B)semantic memory
C)episodic memory
D)declarative memory

Question 66

You are asked to recall the word that means "a woman who houses and manages prostitutes." You are confident that you know what the term is,and you feel as though you are about to remember it,but it just will not pop out of your memory.You are experiencing

A)repression.
B)the partial recall phenomenon.
C)the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon.
D)the exhaustive memory search process.

Question 67

_______________ is a memory system that includes short-term memory and information retrieved from long-term memory.

A)Procedural memory
B)Declarative memory
C)Working memory
D)Semantic memory

Question 68

In the 1950s,George Miller estimated the capacity of short-term memory to be the

A)magical number 5,plus or minus 4.
B)magical number 7,plus or minus 2.
C)magical number 9,plus or minus 3.
D)magical number 11,plus or minus 1.

Question 69

__________ memories could be called "knowing that something is true" memories.

A)Procedural
B)Implicit
C)Declarative
D)Flashbulb

Question 70

When researchers investigated organization in long-term memory,they found that

A)it must be linked to sound,since users of sign-language don't have "tip-of-the-tongue" states.
B)verbal information is indexed semantically,and not by sound or form.
C)semantic categories are effective in organizing words and concepts.
D)organization is based on human physiology and so culture has few effects on retrieval.

Question 71

Which component of memory has been referred to as a "leaky bucket"?

A)the sensory register
B)short-term memory
C)working memory
D)long-term memory

Question 72

_______________ could be called "knowing how to do something memories."

A)Procedural memories
B)Semantic memories
C)Declarative memories
D)Episodic memories

Question 73

Most people cannot store the following list of letters in short-term memory. G O T O Y O U R B E D R O O M
However,if the letters are grouped meaningfully into words,they fit short-term memory span: GO TO YOUR BEDROOM.This illustrates

A)chunking.
B)backward masking.
C)verbal coding.
D)selective attention.

Question 74

Information is grouped for storage in short-term memory through the process of

A)rote rehearsal.
B)cueing.
C)chunking.
D)categorizing.

Question 75

Telo convinces a woman he finds attractive to give him her telephone number.Unfortunately,the number is 10 digits long with the area code,and Telo cannot find a place to write it down.As he looks for a pen and paper,what can Telo do to help him remember the number?

A)Nothing will help because 10 digits is beyond short-term memory capability.
B)Thinking of something else will help Telo.
C)"Chunking" the numbers into smaller units will help Telo.
D)Telo should try to process the memory in parallel.

Question 76

When you rollerblade,you are relying on _______________ memory.

A)semantic
B)episodic
C)procedural
D)declarative

Question 77

Chunking is a means of

A)immediately forgetting irrelevant details.
B)organizing information into meaningful units.
C)arranging details into a hierarchy from most important to least important.
D)storing long-term memories.

Question 78

Sarah is doing an arithmetic problem,and this component of her memory contains the numbers and the instructions for doing the necessary operations for each step as she goes through the problem.

A)serial position memory
B)tool-box memory
C)working memory
D)episodic memory

Question 79

For most Americans,which of the following would be considered a chunk?

A)IBF
B)FBI
C)921
D)196

Question 80

Memories for the performance of actions or skills are called

A)procedural memories.
B)semantic memories.
C)declarative memories.
D)episodic memories.