Deck 14: Intervention: Identifying Key Elements of Change

Question 1

_______ reactant clients usually experience greater therapeutic gains in more directive treatments, whereas clients with _______ reactance tend to experience greater therapeutic gains in less directive treatments.

A) High, low
B) Non-, low
C) Low, high
D) High, non-

Answer 1

Low, high

Question 2

There are many therapist variables that influence treatment. Among them are:

A) Professional backgrounds
B) Having gone to therapy themselves
C) Availability of hours
D) If they accept insurance coverage or not

Answer 2

Professional backgrounds

Question 3

Therapeutic elements that occur in all or most treatments that are believed to be critical for successful client outcomes are known as _______.

A) selective emphasis
B) outcome goals
C) common factors
D) 'Dodo bird effect'

Answer 3

common factors

Question 4

__________research addresses the question of which intervention is more efficacious, whereas __________ research ask about how an intervention works.

A) Treatment outcome, process & process-outcome
B) Process, treatment outcome & process-outcome
C) Process-outcome, treatment outcome & process
D) None of these

Question 5

Recent (2012) work by Baldwin and Imel on therapists effects in RCTs showed significant variability in therapist effectiveness on outcome on the order of:

A) 3 to 7%
B) 21-24%.
C) 33-38%
D) 62-66%.

Question 6

One of the problems in interpreting the research on the alliance-outcome link is the importance of not inferring

A) correlation from causation.
B) significance from correlation.
C) significance from causation.
D) causation from correlation.

Question 7

Lambert and Ogles have three main dimensions of common factors to categorize the most commonly suggested common factors.

A) Known factors, unknown factors, educational factors.
B) Environmental factors, educational factors, support factors.
C) Support factors, learning factors, action factors.
D) Alternative factors, environmental factors, action factors.

Question 8

Research that examines the relationship between variables related to the process of providing psychotherapy and the outcome of therapy is known as:

A) correlational research
B) treatment outcome research
C) process research
D) path analysis research

Question 9

There are many different levels of analysis for psychotherapeutic process and outcome studies. Generally, they are broken into 4 categories:

A) age of client, years therapist has practiced, number of sessions, process focus
B) timeframe, timescale, process focus, outcome focus
C) time since onset of problem, years therapist has practice, outcome focus, number of sessions
D) age of client, timeframe, number of sessions, outcome focus

Question 10

The _______ refers to the quality and strength of the collaborative relationship between client and therapist.

A) therapeutic alliance
B) therapeutic affiliation
C) therapeutic association
D) therapeutic connection

Question 11

Patients who are impulsive and under-controlled respond best to a focus on

A) symptom alleviation.
B) developing self-awareness.
C) medication.
D) changing those around them.

Question 12

A good psychotherapist must have considerable

A) number of clients, interpersonal sensitivity, and tolerance for distress.
B) knowledge, technical skills, interpersonal sensitivity, and tolerance for distress.
C) knowledge, ability to put others first, technical skills, and tolerance for distress.
D) number of clients, ability to put other first, interpersonal sensitivity, tolerance for distress.

Question 13

Psychological _______ is the tendency to react against attempts to directly influence one's behavior.

A) recoiling
B) reconsideration
C) recidivism
D) reactance

Question 14

The optimal degree of therapist directiveness is determined in large part, by

A) the therapist's level of psychological reactance.
B) the client's level of psychological reactance.
C) the gender of the client.
D) the professional background of the therapist.

Question 15

Focus on enhancing patient self-awareness and understanding of their problems works best for patients who are

A) neurotic.
B) extroverted.
C) conscientious
D) introverted.

Question 16

Does it really matter whether a therapist assigns homework in order to consolidate something addressed in the session? Does it matter whether the clients actually do the homework?

A) Yes, yes
B) No, no
C) Yes, no
D) No, yes

Question 17

There are many client variables that influence treatment. Among them are:

A) Socio-demographic characteristics
B) Psychological functioning
C) Treatment expectations
D) All of the above

Question 18

_______ borrow theories and techniques from the major therapeutic approaches to optimize the influence of the common factors regardless of the nature of the patient's problems or characteristics

A) Interpersonal therapeutic models
B) Integrative treatment models
C) Individualized treatment models
D) Introspective therapeutic models

Question 19

A poor therapeutic alliance can lead to the

A) premature termination of treatment by therapists.
B) a mutual agreement for premature termination of treatment.
C) premature termination of treatment by clients.
D) worsened mental health.

Question 20

A therapist's interpretations were most successful with clients who had

A) good interpersonal skills.
B) poor interpersonal skills.
C) good self-examination skills.
D) poor self-examination skills.

Question 21

Panic symptoms and panic-related thoughts are found to have significantly greater reductions using ________.

A) Relaxation therapy
B) CBT
C) IPT
D) Humanistic therapy

Question 22

Comparative treatment studies are experiments in which the

A) impact of a treatment is compared with a control condition in which no services are provided (typically a wait-list control group).
B) impact of at least two treatments are compared, and a no-treatment group may or may not be included.
C) methodology of the study is well designed.
D) course of treatment is completed within six-months of beginning treatment.

Question 23

Interpretation of client behavior happens in _____ type(s) of therapy.

A) cognitive
B) psychodynamic & experiential
C) hypnosis
D) mindfulness

Question 24

A number of things can undermine the impact of group treatment. One of these things is:

A) Interpretations
B) An empathetic environment
C) Having a buddy system
D) Feelings of exclusion or rejection

Question 25

Presence of _____ is associated with the client terminating therapy early.

A) A new job
B) Axis II Disorders
C) Medical Conditions
D) Loss of a loved one

Question 26

Research has found certain client, therapist, therapeutic relationship, and treatment factors to be associated with successful treatment. These are known as:

A) Good relationships to have
B) Empirically based principles of therapeutic change
C) Essential for progress in therapy
D) Empirically supported therapy

Question 27

Therapists trained in a mental health profession have a/an ______ outcome of therapy than those trained in general health professions.

A) greater
B) lesser
C) equal
D) invalid

Question 28

Smith et al. (1980) calculated the efficacy of various types of treatment based on treatment outcome studies and reported that cognitive and cognitive-behavioral treatments had the largest effect sizes (d values of 1.31 and 1.24, respectively), followed by behavioral (.91), psychodynamic (.78), and humanistic treatments (.63), and, finally, developmental treatments (.42). This evidence certainly suggests that treatments are:

A) All equivalent
B) Not all equivalent
C) Pretty similar
D) None of these

Question 29

Resistance or reactance requires that the therapist adapt a style that either emphasizes therapist directiveness - for _____ clients - or client self-direction - ________ clients.

A) low reactance, high reactance
B) non-reactance, low reactance
C) high reactance, low reactance
D) high reactance, non-reactance

Question 30

The effectiveness of the therapist appears to be directly related to:

A) the patient's sense of being understood by the therapist.
B) the therapist's school from which they received their training.
C) the patient's willingness to come to therapy daily.
D) the therapist's theoretical orientation.

Question 31

Therapist self-disclosure has been found to have a ______ and ______ effect on treatment outcome.

A) large, positive
B) small, negative
C) small, positive
D) large, negative

Question 32

When a client makes unexpected jumps in treatment it is known as a:

A) Sudden gain
B) Probable event
C) Miracle
D) Likely circumstance

Question 33

The number of years a therapist has been practicing is ________ related to the treatment outcome.

A) Curvi-linearly
B) negatively
C) not
D) positively

Question 34

Theoretical models that explicitly incorporate into their framework aspects of other theoretical approaches and common factors are:

A) Empirically based principles of therapeutic change
B) Important treatment models
C) Interpersonal treatment models
D) Integrative treatment models

Question 35

Recent research by Hickman et al. (2009) on expert 'integrative' therapists found that 71% of these therapists reported:

A) Only one orientation had a major influence on their clinical work
B) Two orientations had major influences on their clinical work
C) Three orientations had major influences on their clinical work
D) Four or more orientations had major influences on their clinical work

Question 36

The tendency to react against attempts to directly influence one's behaviors is known as:

A) Reinforcement
B) Punishment
C) Reactance
D) Avoidance

Question 37

The ______ the severity of symptoms, the ______ the outcome of treatment.

A) lesser, poorer
B) greater, better
C) greater, poorer
D) lesser, null

Question 38

Efforts to establish and maintain a good working relationship with clients are important for all therapists. In group therapy, there are numerous relationships, between each client and therapist, as well as among clients. The totality of all these relationships is referred to as _______.

A) therapeutic alliance
B) group cohesion
C) psychotherapy
D) systems bond

Question 39

Treatment outcome studies are experiments in which the

A) impact of a treatment is compared with a control condition in which no services are provided (typically a wait-list control group).
B) impact of at least two treatments are compared, and a no-treatment group may or may not be included.
C) methodology of the study is well designed.
D) course of treatment is completed within six-months of beginning treatment.

Question 40

"Because psychotherapies when compared in RCTs tend to show similar effects, there are no major differences in orientations." This has been labeled the

A) Peregrine falcon verdict
B) Dodo bird verdict
C) Great white shark verdict
D) None of these.

Question 41

NOT included in as a part of common support factors of psychotherapy is:

A) Catharsis
B) Facing fears
C) Release of tension
D) Reduction of isolation

Question 42

A demonstrably effective element of the therapeutic relationship includes:

A) number of sessions
B) years of training
C) empathy
D) gender of the client

Question 43

A questionable assumption made about process-outcome research is that the more therapists or clients engage in a specific strategy,

A) The worse it is for client outcome.
B) The better it is for therapist's ego.
C) The better it is for client outcome.
D) The worse it is for the therapist's ego.

Question 44

Between sessions, clients are often given things to work on. These are known as:

A) A waste of time
B) Self-therapeutic training
C) Mind tricks
D) Homework assignments

Question 45

NOT included in as a part of common learning factors of psychotherapy is:

A) Therapeutic alliance
B) Advice
C) Insight
D) Feedback

Question 46

Patient compliance in completing the at-home assignments acts as a ________ on the relation between positive treatment expectations and initial improvement in functioning.

A) moderator
B) mediator
C) test
D) space-holder

Question 47

NOT included in as a part of common action factors of psychotherapy is:

A) Facing fears
B) Modeling
C) Reality testing
D) Emotional experiencing