Deck 2: Neuropsychology of Memory

Question 1

What is the process of making memories more permanent in the nervous system called?

A) learning
B) consolidation
C) encoding
D) permutating

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Neurons encode and communicate information by __________.

A) variations in the size of the action potential
B) the pattern of neural activation and inhibition
C) re-synthesizing various neurotransmitters
D) long-term potentiation

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which part of a neuron is more specialized for collecting neural impulses?

A) synapse
B) axon
C) neurotransmitters
D) dendrite

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What neural process is thought to be related to memory consolidation?

A) action potentials
B) neurotransmitter release
C) long-term potentiation
D) recoding

Question 5

What is a way to describe the relationship between memory and the nervous system?

A) emergent
B) intrinsic
C) necessary
D) opportunistic

Question 6

How wide is a synapse?

A) 100-200 angstroms
B) 5-10 angstroms
C) 5-10 millimeters
D) 1-2 millimeters

Question 7

Which of the following is an important inhibitory neurotransmitter?

A) glutamate
B) noepinephrine
C) acetylchioline
D) GABA

Question 8

Neural communication can be facilitated in some neurons by the inclusion of a(n) __________.

A) axon
B) myelin sheath
C) neurotransmitter-absorbing membrane
D) dendrite structure

Question 9

What is norepinephrine important for?

A) memory consolidation
B) forgetting
C) visual imagery
D)retrieval interference

Question 10

What does it mean to say that memory is an emergent property of the nervous system?

A) Memory is inherent in the neurons.
B)Memory is a quality that exists apart from neural structure.
C) The nervous system has emerged to create memory.
D) Memory is a quality that emerges out of how the nervous system is structured.

Question 11

Which of the following neurotransmitters is important for memory?

A) serotonin
B) acetylcholine
C) lukaisian
D) Phrygian

Question 12

The role of LTP in learning is at the __________.

A) neural level
B) level of brain structures
C) level of working memory
D) stimulus-response level

Question 13

The process by which hippocampal neurons fire with greater ease due to being used several times is called __________.

A) long-term potentiation
B) neurotransmitters
C) event-related potentials
D) the HERA model

Question 14

Glutamate is important for __________.

A) the suppression of acetylcholine
B) forgetting
C) the formation of new synapses
D) the reversal of processes damaged by LTP

Question 15

What is the process of weakening memories in the nervous system called?

A) repolarization
B) disconnecting
C) synaptic-resetting process
D) long-term depression

Question 16

How long is long-term potentiation?

A) several neurons long
B) several weeks
C) about 10 cm
D) several months

Question 17

In the nervous system, information comes in through the __________ and goes out through the __________ .

A) dendrites; axon
B) nucleus; dendrites
C) axon; nodes of Ranvier
D) terminal buttons; myelin sheath

Question 18

What part of a neuron is altered during learning?

A) dendrite
B) axon
C) neurotransmitters
D) soma

Question 19

What is the electrical charge of a neuron during an action potential?

A) -70 mV
B) 100 mV
C) 40 mV
D) 7 kW

Question 20

Neurotransmitters used for neural communication are stored where in a neuron?

A) cell body
B) mitochondria
C) RNA
D) terminal buttons

Question 21

A neural structure important for processing emotional aspects of memories is the __________.

A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) temporal lobe
D) frontal lobe

Question 22

CT scans can be used to help understand the ____________ of a given person's brain.

A) structure
B) function
C) activation
D) hemispheric dominance

Question 23

Which of the following neurological structures has been of particular interest to learning and memory researchers?

A) spinal cord
B) spleen
C) hippocampus
D) dendritic neurons

Question 24

Which of the following neuroimaging methods has good temporal resolution, but relatively poor spatial resolution?

A) ERP
B) CT
C) PET
D) fMRI

Question 25

Which brain structure is important for unconscious motor learning?

A) hippocampus
B) basal ganglia
C) hypothalamus
D) amygdala

Question 26

What is the best way to describe Penfield's findings in his research recovering memories using electrical stimulation of the cortex?

A) All memories are stored accurately; one just needs the appropriate means of recovering them.
B) Memories are stored as an electrical field in the brain.
C) The best memories to access are the older ones that have consolidated.
D) Penfield was wrong in his conclusions about memory.

Question 27

How did Penfield test for memories in living brains?

A) by observing EEG scans
B) by injecting radioactive isotopes into patients
C) by electrically stimulating people's brains
D) by removing various portions of the cortex and assessing the effects

Question 28

Which neuroimaging method looks at the over level of power in various frequency bands to assess memory?

A) single-cell recording
B) ERP recordings
C) magnetoencephalography (MEG)
D) event-related desynchronization (ERD)

Question 29

Which of the following can be used to assess the structure of a living brain?

A) EEG & PET
B) CT & PET
C) MRI & EEG
D) CT & MRI

Question 30

During the encoding process, the hippocampus stores information about __________.

A) subconscious events stored in long-term memory
B) episode-specific events in the present
C) discriminatory processes
D) visual imagery in the sensory registers

Question 31

The amygdala __________.

A) is used in storing conscious memories
B) is one of the lobes of the neocortex
C) is key to emotional aspects of memory
D) is known to lead to amnesia when damaged

Question 32

Which of the following scanning techniques has good spatial AND temporal resolution?

A) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI)
B) positron emission tomography (PET)
C) computer-assisted tomography (CT)
D) event-related potentials (ERP)

Question 33

The lobe of the cortex most involved in memory storage is the __________.

A) occipital
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) frontal

Question 34

The lobe of the cortex most involved in controlling and coordinating memory processes is the __________.

A) occipital lobe
B) parietal lobe
C) temporal lobe
D) frontal lobe

Question 35

What is the name of the neurological technique of tracking the neural impulses of an individual neuron?

A) single-cell recording
B) ERP recordings
C) oxygen¹³ scanning
D) network unit monitoring

Question 36

Which of the following is NOT a subcortical structure that is heavily involved in memory?

A) basal ganglia
B) diencephalon
C) cerebellum
D) medulla oblongata

Question 37

A neural structure important for controlling the flow of memory processing is the __________.

A) amygdala
B) hippocampus
C) temporal lobe
D) frontal lobe

Question 38

People who dissociate may have problems with source monitoring due to damage in the __________.

A) frontal lobes
B) occipital lobes
C) parietal lobes
D) temporal lobes

Question 39

Memory consolidation is aided by __________.

A) electrical impulses
B) sleep
C) apnea
D) alcohol

Question 40

How did Penfield think that memory operated in the brain?

A) as a network
B) like a videocamera
C) by using complex schemas
D) by using long-term potentiation

Question 41

What is being tracked in a PET scan?

A) oxygen-15 isotope
B) white blood cells
C) neurotransmitters
D) electrical spikes

Question 42

According to the HERA model, semantic memory retrieval involves __________.

A) the frontal lobes acting in unison
B) the left frontal lobe
C) the right frontal lobe
D) either the left or right front lobe, depending on the memory's age
Short Answers

Question 43

What are some neuroimaging techniques that can tell a researcher about the structure of a person's brain?

Question 44

Long-term potentiation involves what processes?

Question 45

What are the primary structural components of a neuron, and what function do they serve?

Question 46

What neuroimaging techniques involve the electrical component of neural transmission?

Question 47

Which of the following is a special population that can be looked at to assess the effects of brain damage on memory?

A) surgery patients
B) gunshot wounded individuals
C) Korsakoff patients
D) organ transplant recipients

Question 48

What is a serious limitation of neuroimaging methods in general?

A) They do not provide accurate data.
B) They do not tell the researcher what a person is thinking.
C) They are susceptible to individual differences.
D) There are no limitations.

Question 49

The primary disadvantage to studies of neuropsychological processes using brain lesions is that __________.

A) special populations of individuals with brain damage do not exist
B) aging does not affect changes in memory, so lesions would not help in studies of change over time
C) there are not enough trained surgeons to create adequate lesions
D) often trauma to the brain is not clean, and lesions affect multiple brain components

Question 50

Which neurological method can produce temporary lesions in otherwise normal people?

A) transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
B) ERP recordings
C) magnetoencephalography (MEG)
D) event-related desnchronization (ERD)

Question 51

The most important point of the success of the HERA model is that __________.

A) the brain is used in memory processing
B) cognitive psychology is better than behaviorism
C) the episodic-semantic distinction is psychologically/neurologically meaningful
D) the absence of direct exposure to stimuli can result in strong memory traces

Question 52

What is cerebral blood flow thought to be associated with in memory?

A) neurological diseases
B) arousal level
C) degree of mental processing
D) oxygen levels in the lungs

Question 53

Which neuroimaging techniques track cerebral blood flow to measure mental processing?

Question 54

Which of the following methods allows one to study how damage to different brain areas affects memory processing? (It should also be a method less influenced by idiosyncratic deviations.)

A) case studies
B) single-cell recordings
C) connectionist modeling
D) developmental studies

Question 55

The neuroimaging method of magnetoencephalography (MEG) does what?

A) broadly measures cortical blood flow activity
B) narrowly measures cortical blood flow activity in a specific region
C) broadly measures cortical electrical activity
D) narrowly measures cortical electrical activity in a specific region

Question 56

What type of scan looks for the presence of oxygen atoms in the brain using a large magnet to track blood flow?

A) MRI
B) PET
C) ERP
D) fMRI

Question 57

How are the different cortical lobes involved in memory processing?

Question 58

What are some of the subcortical structures that are important to memory?

Question 59

What aspect of physiological processing is being measured in a PET scan?

A) nitrogen processing
B) blood flow
C) neural firing
D) structural processes

Question 60

Which of the following has the best spatial resolution?

A) event-related desynchronization (ERD)
B) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
C) positron emissions tomography (PET)
D) computer-assisted tomography (CAT/CT)

Question 61

What is the basic idea behind the HERA model?