Deck 10: Formal Models of Memory

Question 1

Which formal model of memory can rather directly view memory retrieval as a process very similar to what is described in signal detection theory?

A) propositional network
B) threshold
C) dual process
D) Minerva 2

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The threshold models are good for what aspect of memory?

A) semantic
B) declarative
C) recognition
D) recall

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Concepts are represented in network theories by __________.

A) nodes
B) activation
C) links
D) intersections

Answer 3

A

Question 4

What is the main advantage of using a formal model of memory?

A) It proves theories.
B) It provides verbal description.
C) It provides precise, accurate descriptions.
D) It disproves theories.

Question 5

What measures does the signal detection theory add to the more basic threshold model?

A) discrimination and bias
B) sensitivity and activation strength
C) memory search and recognition
D) perturbation and reconstruction

Question 6

According to a spreading activation idea of retrieval, retrieval time reflects __________.

A) distance between links
B) arousal level
C) distance between concepts
D) frequency of memory use

Question 7

The process used to retrieve information from a semantic network is called __________.

A) spreading activation
B) associative retrieval
C) cuing
D) parallel processing

Question 8

The Tulving-Wiseman function shows that __________.

A) recognition failure can occur, and the generate-recognize model is wrong
B) the generate-recognize formula is mathematically impossible
C) Tulving's memory was better than Wiseman's memory in a short case study
D) there is no such thing as a forgetting curve after all; forgetting is linear

Question 9

Recognition occurs where participants identify information as "old" or "new." Which model(s) indicate(s) that information will be labeled as "old" once memory traces meet or exceed a particular level of activation?

A) generate-recognize model
B) threshold model
C) network models
D) connectionist models

Question 10

The generate-recognize theory of memory retrieval is best supported by ______________.

A) the use of mnemonics
B) cluster analyses
C) hypermnesia effects
D) the Tulving-Wiseman function

Question 11

If information can be recalled it will always be recognized.

A) true
B) false
C) true only for words
D) true only for pictures

Question 12

What are formal models of memory?

A) theories that use computers as a metaphor
B) mathematical expressions of theories
C) scientific theories
D) highly developed theories that are always accurate

Question 13

The idea that recall proceeds by a person first generating information in working memory and then assessing whether that information is stored in long-term memory is called __________.

A) guessing
B) reflective remembering
C) hypermnesia
D) the generate-recognize theory

Question 14

The existence of recognition failure (where a memory is recalled but not recognized) is particularly a problem for _______________ models of memory.

A) network
B) distributed
C) dual trace
D) generate-recognize

Question 15

According to a threshold model of memory, a memory trace is said to be retrieved when it exceeds a certain threshold level of activation. In this view, the rate of correctly retrieving an appropriate memory trace is expressed as __________.

A) a speed
B) a logarithmic function
C) a probability
D) a representation

Question 16

Recognition failure is __________.

A) failing to recognize things recognized earlier
B) failing to recognize things recalled earlier
C) failing to consciously recollect what is recognized
D) a recognition process that is not completed in the time needed

Question 17

Why does recognition failure arise?

A) differences in types of retrieval cues
B) The reason it arises is yet unknown.
C) previously recalling the item changes the memory trace
D) Recognition is an explicit memory measure, while recall is not.

Question 18

According to a generate-recognize model of memory, the relationship between the memory processes involved in recall and recognition is __________.

A) completely overlapping
B) completely independent
C) sharing a common recognition process
D) sharing a common search process

Question 19

Associations are represented in network theories by __________.

A) nodes
B) activation
C) links
D) intersections

Question 20

The idea that the simplest explanation is probably the correct one is known as __________.

A) Occam's Razor
B) activation simplification
C) parallel processing
D) Pavlov's learning continuum

Question 21

What is the name of formal models in which all traces in memory are consulted in parallel during retrieval?

A) parallel self-terminating models
B) active processing models
C) global matching models
D) hierarchical theories

Question 22

The ACT model of memory explains the fan effect by assuming that __________.

A) propositions are used to represent information in a network
B) there is a distinction between type nodes and token nodes
C) activation is divided among the links
D) there is a declarative and a production memory system

Question 23

In the ACT model, specific instances are represented by _________ nodes and general knowledge is captured more by ___________ nodes.

A) type; token
B) token; type
C) active; dormant
D) dormant; active

Question 24

The idea of a memory network and the process of retrieval through spreading activation can provide a rather straightforward explanation for the memory phenomenon of __________.

A) priming
B) encoding specificity
C) hypermnesia
D) savings

Question 25

What are global matching models that assume that each memory is stored apart from the others called?

A) distributed storage models
B) multiple trace theories
C) distinct encoding models
D) network theories

Question 26

What does the network portion of the ACT model represent?

A) episodes
B) types
C) tokens
D) propositions

Question 27

In a global matching model like MINERVA 2, retrieval involves __________.

A) selecting a single relevant memory trace
B) weighting all traces equally
C) forming a weighted composite memory echo
D) rejecting echoes retrieved from long-term storage

Question 28

What is a major criticism of the Collins and Quillian network model?

A) Association strength between concepts cannot be determined.
B) It is too simplistic; memory may be more complex.
C) The distance between nodes depends on the size of an individual's brain.
D) Categorical associations are the same as property associations.

Question 29

Which model of long-term memory is based on experience only and captures associations between concepts?

A) LSA
B) TODAM
C) semantic network
D) threshold model

Question 30

Information is retrieved from a network model through a process of __________.

A) spreading activation
B) memory search
C) pattern matching
D) retrieval plan construction

Question 31

What are global matching models that assume that memories are stored by imposing information on a common framework called?

A) distributed storage models
B) multiple trace theories
C) distinct encoding models
D) network theories

Question 32

How are memory traces retrieved in the SAM model?

A) probabilistically
B) deterministically
C) logarithmically
D) in parallel

Question 33

In the global matching model MINERVA 2, the strength of retrieval is conveyed by the __________.

A) echo content
B) connection weights
C) echo intensity
D) pattern convolution

Question 34

According to the SAM model, recognition involves __________.

A) searching through a set of memory traces
B) rejecting inappropriate retrieval cues
C) matching a memory probe with a memory trace
D) forming a composite representation

Question 35

What is the name of the memory trace returned during retrieval in the MINERVA 2 model?

A) image
B) engram
C) composite
D) echo

Question 36

According to the SAM model, recall involves __________.

A) searching through a set of memory traces
B) rejecting inappropriate retrieval cues
C) matching a memory probe with a memory trace
D) forming a composite representation

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a memory component of the ACT model?

A) semantic network
B) propositional network
C) production memory
D) working memory

Question 38

According to the Collins and Quillian network model, information is organized in memory __________.

A) based on the retrieval process
B) based on when the knowledge was learned
C) according to propositional associations
D) hierarchically

Question 39

What is not an important characteristic of network models?

A) memory as a collection of associates
B) nodes and links
C) spreading activation
D) Tulving-Wiseman functions

Question 40

What are the major memory components of the ACT model?

A) episodic memory, semantic memory, and working memory
B) production memory, semantic memory, and working memory
C) production memory, declarative memory, and semantic memory
D) production memory, declarative memory, and working memory

Question 41

Which of the following is not like the others?

A) parallel distributed processing models
B) neural networks
C) propositional network models
D) connectionist models

Question 42

The 2 processes assumed to operate in most dual process models of memory are __________.

A) activation and familiarity
B) familiarity and recollection
C) familiarity and global matching
D) activation and recollection

Question 43

According to dual processing models, __________.

A) recollection is more dependent on the hippocampus and frontal lobes, while familiarity is more dependent on the temporal cortex around the hippocampus
B) changes in modality and response bias affect both familiarity and recollection
C) a recollection process takes a primary role while familiarity process is irrelevant
D) generation effects and levels of processing affect familiarity but not recollection

Question 44

What is the advantage of a formal model of memory?

Question 45

Under the dual process theory, recollection appears to depend more on the __________.

A) hippocampus and frontal lobes
B) cerebellum
C) temporal lobe
D) occipital lobe
Short Answers

Question 46

How are schemas represented in the MINERVA 2 model of memory?

A) in semantic memory
B) as the composite of all traces activated during retrieval
C) in the network of connections
D) as a dual trace system

Question 47

What is the metaphor often used for PDP models of memory?

A) computer
B) brain
C) switchboard
D) list

Question 48

In the global matching model MINERVA 2, the meaning of the information available from the retrieval process is called __________.

A) echo content
B) connection weights
C) echo strength
D) pattern convolution

Question 49

What is recognition failure, and why is it important for formal models of memory?

Question 50

Which model stores information in patterns of connections?

A) PDP model
B) network model
C) ACT model
D) SAM model

Question 51

In distributed storage models of memory like TODAM and CHARM, memory traces are represented by _________ and they are stored in memory as _________.

A) vectors; convolutions
B) vectors; multiple traces
C) multiple traces; convolutions
D) convolutions; multiple traces

Question 52

What do PDP models have a high degree of?

A) interconnectivity
B) redundancy
C) compartmentalization
D) attraction force

Question 53

Evidence for the 2 distinct processes associated with dual processing models comes from __________.

A) PDP models
B) hidden units
C) double dissociations
D) hierarchical retrieval

Question 54

According to the MINERVA2 model, __________.

A) representations are formed by co-occurrences
B) memory retrieval is a distorting process
C) information is stored hierarchically
D) type and token nodes distinguish different types of knowledge

Question 55

Which is an example of a distributed storage model?

A) TODAM
B) MINERVA 2
C) SAM
D) ACT

Question 56

For global matching models, what is an advantage to distributed storage models over multiple trace theories?

A) A common framework can be dispensed with.
B) A limited storage facility (such as the brain) can be assumed.
C) All information is stored in separate engrams.
D) There is no limit to the possibilities.

Question 57

In which model is the pattern of activation most important?

A) propositional network
B) PDP
C) dual process
D) MINERVA 2

Question 58

What is the generate-recognize model?

Question 59

Under the dual process theory, recollection is NOT affected by __________.

A) generation effects
B) full versus divided attention
C) different levels of processing
D) time

Question 60

Which is an example of a multiple trace model?

A) TODAM
B) MINERVA 2
C) CHARM
D) ACT

Question 61

How are schemas derived according to the MINERVA 2 model?

Question 62

What is it about the approach to memory that makes LSA unique and interesting?

Question 63

What is the process for retrieving information from a network model called?

Question 64

What is the difference between multiple trace and distributed storage versions of global matching models?

Question 65

What are the three major memory components of the ACT model?

Question 66

How are PDP models structured like the brain?

Question 67

What are the two processes in dual processing models of memory?

Question 68

How does recall occur in the SAM model?