Question 1

According to a spreading activation idea of retrieval, retrieval time reflects __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  distance between links 
B)  arousal level 
C)  distance between concepts 
D)  frequency of memory use 
A)  distance between links 
B)  arousal level 
C)  distance between concepts 
D)  frequency of memory use C

Question 2

In distributed storage models of memory like TODAM and CHARM, memory traces are represented by _________ and they are stored in memory as _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  vectors; convolutions 
B)  vectors; multiple traces 
C)  multiple traces; convolutions 
D)  convolutions; multiple traces 
A)  vectors; convolutions 
B)  vectors; multiple traces 
C)  multiple traces; convolutions 
D)  convolutions; multiple traces A

Question 3

Under the dual process theory, recollection appears to depend more on the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  hippocampus and frontal lobes 
B)  cerebellum 
C)  temporal lobe 
D)  occipital lobe
Short Answers 
A)  hippocampus and frontal lobes 
B)  cerebellum 
C)  temporal lobe 
D)  occipital lobe
Short Answers A

Question 4

Which model of long-term memory is based on experience only and captures associations between concepts?

Accepted Answer

A)  LSA 
B)  TODAM 
C)  semantic network 
D)  threshold model 
A)  LSA 
B)  TODAM 
C)  semantic network 
D)  threshold model

Question 5

What is the main advantage of using a formal model of memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  It proves theories. 
B)  It provides verbal description. 
C)  It provides precise, accurate descriptions. 
D)  It disproves theories. 
A)  It proves theories. 
B)  It provides verbal description. 
C)  It provides precise, accurate descriptions. 
D)  It disproves theories.

Question 6

In the global matching model MINERVA 2, the strength of retrieval is conveyed by the __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  echo content 
B)  connection weights 
C)  echo intensity 
D)  pattern convolution 
A)  echo content 
B)  connection weights 
C)  echo intensity 
D)  pattern convolution

Question 7

What is the name of the memory trace returned during retrieval in the MINERVA 2 model?

Accepted Answer

A)  image 
B)  engram 
C)  composite 
D)  echo 
A)  image 
B)  engram 
C)  composite 
D)  echo

Question 8

What are formal models of memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  theories that use computers as a metaphor 
B)  mathematical expressions of theories 
C)  scientific theories 
D)  highly developed theories that are always accurate 
A)  theories that use computers as a metaphor 
B)  mathematical expressions of theories 
C)  scientific theories 
D)  highly developed theories that are always accurate

Question 9

What is recognition failure, and why is it important for formal models of memory?

Accepted Answer

Recognition failure refers to the inabil

Question 10

Recognition occurs where participants identify information as "old" or "new." Which model(s) indicate(s) that information will be labeled as "old" once memory traces meet or exceed a particular level of activation?

Accepted Answer

A)  generate-recognize model 
B)  threshold model 
C)  network models 
D)  connectionist models 
A)  generate-recognize model 
B)  threshold model 
C)  network models 
D)  connectionist models

Question 11

If information can be recalled it will always be recognized.

Accepted Answer

A)  true 
B)  false 
C)  true only for words 
D)  true only for pictures 
A)  true 
B)  false 
C)  true only for words 
D)  true only for pictures

Question 12

How are memory traces retrieved in the SAM model?

Accepted Answer

A)  probabilistically 
B)  deterministically 
C)  logarithmically 
D)  in parallel 
A)  probabilistically 
B)  deterministically 
C)  logarithmically 
D)  in parallel

Question 13

What are global matching models that assume that memories are stored by imposing information on a common framework called?

Accepted Answer

A)  distributed storage models 
B)  multiple trace theories 
C)  distinct encoding models 
D)  network theories 
A)  distributed storage models 
B)  multiple trace theories 
C)  distinct encoding models 
D)  network theories

Question 14

Why does recognition failure arise?

Accepted Answer

A)  differences in types of retrieval cues 
B)  The reason it arises is yet unknown. 
C)  previously recalling the item changes the memory trace 
D)  Recognition is an explicit memory measure, while recall is not. 
A)  differences in types of retrieval cues 
B)  The reason it arises is yet unknown. 
C)  previously recalling the item changes the memory trace 
D)  Recognition is an explicit memory measure, while recall is not.

Question 15

Evidence for the 2 distinct processes associated with dual processing models comes from __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  PDP models 
B)  hidden units 
C)  double dissociations 
D)  hierarchical retrieval 
A)  PDP models 
B)  hidden units 
C)  double dissociations 
D)  hierarchical retrieval

Question 16

The generate-recognize theory of memory retrieval is best supported by ______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  the use of mnemonics 
B)  cluster analyses 
C)  hypermnesia effects 
D)  the Tulving-Wiseman function 
A)  the use of mnemonics 
B)  cluster analyses 
C)  hypermnesia effects 
D)  the Tulving-Wiseman function

Question 17

How are schemas represented in the MINERVA 2 model of memory?

Accepted Answer

A)  in semantic memory 
B)  as the composite of all traces activated during retrieval 
C)  in the network of connections 
D)  as a dual trace system 
A)  in semantic memory 
B)  as the composite of all traces activated during retrieval 
C)  in the network of connections 
D)  as a dual trace system

Question 18

The ACT model of memory explains the fan effect by assuming that __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  propositions are used to represent information in a network 
B)  there is a distinction between type nodes and token nodes 
C)  activation is divided among the links 
D)  there is a declarative and a production memory system 
A)  propositions are used to represent information in a network 
B)  there is a distinction between type nodes and token nodes 
C)  activation is divided among the links 
D)  there is a declarative and a production memory system

Question 19

What does the network portion of the ACT model represent?

Accepted Answer

A)  episodes 
B)  types 
C)  tokens 
D)  propositions 
A)  episodes 
B)  types 
C)  tokens 
D)  propositions

Question 20

The idea of a memory network and the process of retrieval through spreading activation can provide a rather straightforward explanation for the memory phenomenon of __________.

Accepted Answer

A)  priming 
B)  encoding specificity 
C)  hypermnesia 
D)  savings 
A)  priming 
B)  encoding specificity 
C)  hypermnesia 
D)  savings

According to a spreading activation idea of retrieval, retrieval time reflects __________.

In distributed storage models of memory like TODAM and CHARM, memory traces are represented by _ and they are stored in memory as _.

Under the dual process theory, recollection appears to depend more on the __________.

Which model of long-term memory is based on experience only and captures associations between concepts?

What is the main advantage of using a formal model of memory?

In the global matching model MINERVA 2, the strength of retrieval is conveyed by the __________.

What is the name of the memory trace returned during retrieval in the MINERVA 2 model?

What are formal models of memory?

What is recognition failure, and why is it important for formal models of memory?

Recognition occurs where participants identify information as "old" or "new." Which model(s) indicate(s) that information will be labeled as "old" once memory traces meet or exceed a particular level of activation?

If information can be recalled it will always be recognized.

How are memory traces retrieved in the SAM model?

What are global matching models that assume that memories are stored by imposing information on a common framework called?

Why does recognition failure arise?

Evidence for the 2 distinct processes associated with dual processing models comes from __________.

The generate-recognize theory of memory retrieval is best supported by ______________.

How are schemas represented in the MINERVA 2 model of memory?

The ACT model of memory explains the fan effect by assuming that __________.

What does the network portion of the ACT model represent?

The idea of a memory network and the process of retrieval through spreading activation can provide a rather straightforward explanation for the memory phenomenon of __________.

Overview and History

Neuropsychology of Memory

Methods and Principles

Sensory and Short-Term Memory

Working Memory

Nondeclarative Memory

Episodic Memory

Memory for Space and Time

Semantic Memory

Autobiographical Memory

Memory and Reality

Memory and the Law

Metamemory

Development

Amnesia

Other Conditions That Affect Memory

Filters

Exam 10: Formal Models of Memory

According to a spreading activation idea of retrieval, retrieval time reflects __________.

In distributed storage models of memory like TODAM and CHARM, memory traces are represented by _________ and they are stored in memory as _________.

Under the dual process theory, recollection appears to depend more on the __________.

Which model of long-term memory is based on experience only and captures associations between concepts?

What is the main advantage of using a formal model of memory?

In the global matching model MINERVA 2, the strength of retrieval is conveyed by the __________.

What is the name of the memory trace returned during retrieval in the MINERVA 2 model?

What are formal models of memory?

What is recognition failure, and why is it important for formal models of memory?

Recognition occurs where participants identify information as "old" or "new." Which model(s) indicate(s) that information will be labeled as "old" once memory traces meet or exceed a particular level of activation?

If information can be recalled it will always be recognized.

How are memory traces retrieved in the SAM model?

What are global matching models that assume that memories are stored by imposing information on a common framework called?

Why does recognition failure arise?

Evidence for the 2 distinct processes associated with dual processing models comes from __________.

The generate-recognize theory of memory retrieval is best supported by ______________.

How are schemas represented in the MINERVA 2 model of memory?

The ACT model of memory explains the fan effect by assuming that __________.

What does the network portion of the ACT model represent?

The idea of a memory network and the process of retrieval through spreading activation can provide a rather straightforward explanation for the memory phenomenon of __________.

Overview and History

Neuropsychology of Memory

Methods and Principles

Sensory and Short-Term Memory

Working Memory

Nondeclarative Memory

Episodic Memory

Memory for Space and Time

Semantic Memory

Autobiographical Memory

Memory and Reality

Memory and the Law

Metamemory

Development

Amnesia

Other Conditions That Affect Memory

Filters

In distributed storage models of memory like TODAM and CHARM, memory traces are represented by _ and they are stored in memory as _.