Deck 14: Metamemory

Question 1

A person's estimates of how well he or she will be able to successfully remember something later that he or she currently cannot remember are called __________.

A) judgments of learning (JOLs)
B) feelings of knowing (FOKs)
C) ratings of knowledge (ROKs)
D) predictions of metamemory (POMs)

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Feeling of knowing (FOK) tests assess what about memory?

A) the likelihood of later remembering something that was forgotten
B) the conscious experience associated with something that is remembered
C) the degree to which people feel they have encoded something into memory
D) why some information is forgotten

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The finding that people sometime spend a great deal of time and effort trying to learn things that are far from their current state of knowledge is called __________.

A) the accelerated learning program
B) overlearning
C) the labor-in-vain effect
D) ratcheting effect learning

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Most studies of Judgments of learning (JOLs) indicate that __________.

A) retrieval is not dependent upon encoding
B) people remember just about anything they learned as toddlers very easily
C) baboons are as good at these tasks as are 7-year-old children
D) people's estimates of their own performance tends to be poor

Question 5

What is the best way to allocate your study time?

A) Spend most of your time perfecting things you already know.
B) Spend most of your time on items just above your current level.
C) Use distributed practice for easy things and massed practice for hard things.
D) Spend most of your time on the hardest items.

Question 6

Metamemory refers to __________.

A) remembering that you remembered
B) remembering large amounts of information
C) remembering information across the life span

Question 7

Judgments of learning (JOLs) can be improved by __________.

A) using spaced practice
B) using mental imagery
C) decreasing the delay between learning and judgment
D) increasing the delay between learning and judgment

Question 8

What is the general theory of metamemory that would suggest that people might assess whether they know the answer to a question based on how much they think they know about the information in the question itself?

A) cue familiarity hypothesis
B) accessibility hypothesis
C) competition hypothesis
D) activation hypothesis

Question 9

What is metamemory?

A) memory for major events
B) awareness of one's own memory
C) the active coordination of memories
D) awareness of others' memories

Question 10

Feeling of knowing (FOK) judgments are __________.

A) estimates of whether a person feels that another person knows something
B) confidence ratings that forgotten information will be later remembered
C) estimates of whether a person has learned information or not
D) an influence of emotional processing on memory retrieval

Question 11

What is the general theory of metamemory that would suggest that the ability to accurately assess memory is influenced by the number of overlapping memory traces?

A) cue familiarity hypothesis
B) accessibility hypothesis
C) competition hypothesis
D) activation hypothesis

Question 12

Judgments of learning (JOLs) are less accurate when given __________.

A) immediately, before forgetting has occurred
B) at any time
C) after a delay, when forgetting has occurred
D) for verbal information

Question 13

The best explanation for why errors in JOLs occur is the __________ hypothesis.

A) monitoring retrieval
B) metamemory
C) inability
D) predictability

Question 14

According to the accessibility hypothesis, how does someone make a metamemory judgment?

A) by determining whether the information contained in a memory cue is familiar
B) by making inferences based on the amount of information activated in memory
C) by determining the number of competing traces that are involved
D) by reconstructing the events in the recent past

Question 15

FOKs appear to be based on __________.

A) metamemory neurons
B) current recognition test performance
D) previous memory performance

Question 16

A person's estimates of how well he or she has memorized knowledge are called __________.

A) judgments of learning (JOLs)
B) feelings of knowing (FOKs)
C) ratings of knowledge (ROKs)
D) predictions of metamemory (POMs)

Question 17

How accurate are judgments of learning (JOLs)?

A) very
B) never at all accurate
C) somewhat
D) It depends on the person.

Question 18

What is the general theory of metamemory that would suggest that people might assess whether they know the answer to a question based on how much information they have in working memory?

A) cue familiarity hypothesis
B) accessibility hypothesis
C) competition hypothesis
D) activation hypothesis

Question 19

Understanding the accuracy of Judgments of learning (JOLs) is important for __________.

A) designing educational programs
B) creating better entertainment
C) helping people remember when to take their medication
D) deriving estimates of product purchasing as a result of an ad campaign

Question 20

Judgments of learning (JOLs) are subjective ratings of __________.

A) the ability to remember what was learned in school, even over long periods of time
B) the degree to which a person thinks that he or she has encoded knowledge into memory
C) the degree to which another person learned a set of information
D) the degree to which a person is able to remember the actual event in which he or she learned some piece of information

Question 21

People are less accurate at remembering __________.

A) how poor their metamemory is
B) facts about themselves
C) when they remembered something
D) when they forgot something

Question 22

Remember versus know judgments are NOT differentially affected by __________.

A) levels of processing
B) age
C) operant conditioning
D) intentional/incidental learning

Question 23

Reduction in the knew-it-all-along effect can occur if __________.

A) the current knowledge state is discredited
B) people are asked to retrieve only new information
C) the appropriate retrieval conditions are set up
D) all of the above

Question 24

People make a "don't know" judgment quickly when __________.

A) the information is very familiar
B) the information is distinctive
C) they previously learned that they did not know something
D) the information is related to multiple other memory traces

Question 25

When a person is certain that remembering is imminent and definitely about to occur, this is called a __________.

A) hindsight bias
B) judgment of learning
C) feeling of knowing
D) tip-of-the-tongue state

Question 26

The ______ lobe of the brain is important for metamemory.

A) frontal
B) parietal
C) temporal
D) occipital

Question 27

Which is an example of a REMEMBER (as opposed to a KNOW) experience in terms of memory for a word on a list?

A) saying you saw it before because you are really confident it was there
B) saying you saw it before because it seems familiar
C) saying you saw it before because you thought it was funny when you first saw it
D) saying you saw it before because it was presented at the beginning or end of the list

Question 28

Suppose a person is able to retrieve a piece of information from memory along with an explicit memory of learning the information. What sort of evaluation would he or she give his or her response?

A) remember
B) recalled
C) know
D) assumed

Question 29

Which of the following is NOT an explanation of the tip-of-the-tongue state?

A) the inhibition view
B) the schema-processing view
C) the incomplete activation view
D) the blocking view

Question 30

The following all relate to the tip-of-the-tongue state EXCEPT __________.

A) it typically occurs on a weekly basis
B) it typically occurs when people are anxious
C) the incomplete activation view
D) the blocking view

Question 31

The process of "remembering" tends to involve __________, whereas the process of "knowing" tends to involve _________.

A) encoding; retrieval
B) explicit memory; implicit memory
C) retrieval; encoding
D) implicit memory; explicit memory

Question 32

Feeling of knowing (FOK) judgments are given when?

A) after information is learned
B) after a person cannot recognize something
C) before a person is explicitly asked to remember (game show method)
D) after a person cannot recall something

Question 33

When people have a conscious recollection of the circumstances where information was learned, they have a(n) _________ experience.

A) anoetic
B) remember
C) know
D) cue-link

Question 34

The tendency for people to believe that things were more deterministic after they occurred than before (creeping determinism) is partially responsible for __________.

A) karmic actualization
B) the hindsight bias
C) state-dependent memory
D) the manifest destiny principle

Question 35

The tip-of-the-tongue state is distinct from feeling of knowing in that __________.

A) people are unable to recall the requested information
B) people are able to recall the requested information
C) the information is not known well
D) remembering is felt to be imminent

Question 36

People are more likely to fall prey to the knew-it-all-along effect if __________.

A) the current knowledge state is discredited
B) people are asked to retrieve only new things
C) they are distracted when making their judgments
D) they can accurately remember their original knowledge state

Question 37

What is one thing that feeling of knowing (FOK) tests indicate about memory retrieval?

A) Memory retrieval involves partial information.
B) Memory retrieval is always an all-or-none process.
C) Memory has some sort of indexing system.
D) Retrieval is largely content-based.

Question 38

Are people better at remembering what they've forgotten (that is, remembering instances in which they could not remember)?

A) yes
B) no
C) only for pictures
D) only for words

Question 39

When people do not have a conscious recollection of the circumstances under which information was learned, they have a(n) _________ experience.

A) anoetic
B) remember
C) know
D) cue-link

Question 40

Suppose a person is able to retrieve a piece of information from memory, but without any explicit memory of learning the information or experiencing the event. What sort of evaluation would he or she give his or her response?

A) remember
B) recognized
C) know
D) assumed

Question 41

Prospective memory is __________.

A) interference forward in time
B) remembering to do things in the future
C) a metamemory technique of addressing memory problems in a proactive way
D) the assessment of retrieval goals compared to what they were prospected to be

Question 42

The 2 basic types of prospective memory are _________ and __________.

A) event-based; cue-based
C) cue-based; time-based
D) cue-based; interference-based

Question 43

Remembering to call your mother on her birthday is an example of __________.

A) metamemory
B) event-based prospective memory
C) retrospective memory
D) time-based prospective memory

Question 44

Prospective memory _________ retrospective memory.

A) is independent of
B) is a subset of
D) can be explained entirely in terms of

Question 45

Prospective memory differs from retrospective memory in that __________.

A) it involves more self-controlled memory processes
B) there is a greater influence of environmental context
C) it shares no memory processes with retrospective memory
D) it is relatively immune to forgetting

Question 46

When a student uses the word "homes" to remember the names of the great lakes, she is using a(n) _________________ mnemonic to help her memory.

A) acronym
B) acrostic
C) rhyming
D) peg word

Question 47

Which of the following is a component of prospective memory that is not shared with retrospective memory?

A) consequences of the retention duration
B) decreased performance due to divided attention at encoding
C) effectiveness of planning strategies
D) none of the above

Question 48

Prospective memory differs from retrospective memory in that __________.

A) aging does not impact prospective memory but does affect retrospective memory
B) brain damage leading to retrospective memory deficits rarely affects prospective memory
C) prospective memory involves a subset of skills used in retrospective memory
D) prospective memory involves monitoring the environment for a specific cue

Question 49

Which part of the cortex has been most strongly implicated in prospective memory?

A) frontal
B) temporal
C) parietal
D) occipital

Question 50

Which of the following is a phenomenon that reflects the operation of inhibition to regulate retrieval interference?

A) hypermnesia
B) massed practice
D) priming

Question 51

Which of the following is a consequence of directed forgetting?

A) People try to figure out why what they were told to forget is important.
B) People experience almost no interference from the to-be-forgotten information.
C) People experience almost no interference from the to-be-remembered information.
D) Retrieval is compromised in a complex way for all types of information.

Question 52

What is the relationship between prospective and retrospective memory?

A) Prospective memory requires retrospective memory.
B) Retrospective memory requires prospective memory.
C) They are mutually interdependent.
D) They are completely independent.

Question 53

Which of the following is thought to be more of a component of prospective memory than of retrospective memory?

A) working memory capacity
B) metamemory ability
C) speed of processing
D) spread of activation

Question 54

Which of the following factors is NOT involved in prospective memory?

A) frontal lobe functioning
B) top-down processing
C) occipital lobe functioning
D) some retrospective memory

Question 55

Using the phrase, "Every Good Boy Does Fine" to remember the notes on a musical scale is an example of __________.

A) prospective memory
B) mnemonics
C) synopsis memory
D) an FOK task

Question 56

When a medical student uses the phrase "On old Olympus's towering top, a Finn and a German Vault and Hop" to help her remember the 12 cranial nerves in the correct order, she is using _________________ to help her study.

A) an acronym
B) an acrostic mnemonic
C) a rhyming mnemonic
D) a peg word mnemonic

Question 57

People are biased to misremember things as being __________.

A) from another person
B) overly inflated in familiarity
C) consistent with their beliefs
D) none of the above

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT a component of prospective memory?

A) monitoring for a retrieval cue
B) encoding when an action is to be done
C) retrieval memory for the action
D) recognizing whether information is old or new

Question 59

In directed forgetting studies, information that is designated as to-be-forgotten __________.

A) is stored in a separate part of long-term memory
B) becomes even more interfering
C) is actively inhibited
D) remains at a high state of availability

Question 60

Which of the following can influence prospective memory performance?

A) the use of mental imagery
B) saliency of the signaling event
C) willingness to be guided by others
D) intelligence

Question 61

How accurate are feeling of knowing (FOK) judgments?

Question 62

What steps would a person take to gain some exceptional memory ability?

Question 63

How are "remember" and "know" differentially affected by various memory processes?

Question 64

What is the name of the theory that suggests that JOLs can improve in accuracy when they are provided after a sufficient delay?

Question 65

What is an example of a mnemonic that can be used to help memory?

Question 66

What is one way that prospective memory is different from retrospective memory?

Question 67

Research involving those with exceptional memories has found that the primary basis of most of their abilities is superior ___________.

A) intelligence
B) working memory
C) neurological structure
D) organization of information

Question 68

Which of the following phenomena is related to metamemory?

A) hypermnesia
B) tip-of-the-tongue
C) reminiscence
D) recall without recognition

Question 69

What is metamemory?

Question 70

What are the two types of prospective memory?

Question 71

What sorts of information are available from memory when a person is in a tip-of-the-tongue state?

Question 72

What is eidetic imagery?

Question 73

Which of the following is NOT an example of metamemory?

A) knowing how one remembers things later
B) hypermnesia
C) knowing what one knows
D) knowing that you don't know something

Question 74

How is memory involved in producing the hindsight bias?

Question 75

All of the following are theories of metamemory EXCEPT __________.

A) the accessibility hypothesis
B) the cue familiarity hypothesis
C) the social learning hypothesis
D) the competition hypothesis
Short Answers