Deck 5: Taking Tests

Question 1

Stimulus generalization:

A) is the process that occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from one another.
B) is directly proportional to the similarity between the two stimuli.
C) occurs when one of the two stimuli evokes a conditioned response, whereas the other does not.
D) provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

________ is the decrease in response to a stimulus that occurs after repeated presentations of the same stimulus.

A) Sensation
B) Disinhibition
C) Habituation
D) Conservation

Answer 2

C

Question 3

________ occurs when a previously conditioned response decreases in frequency and eventually disappears.

A) Extinction
B) Habituation
C) Adaptation
D) Deconditioning

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Tim loves pickles. The sight of a jar on the supermarket shelf makes his mouth water. In the terminology of classical conditioning, the sight of the jar is a(n) ________.

A) conditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned stimulus
C) neutral stimulus
D) conditioned response

Question 5

The reemergence of an extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest and with no further conditioning is known as ________.

A) extinction
B) habituation
C) spontaneous recovery
D) deconditioning

Question 6

Which of the following alternatives correctly identifies a stimulus or response in Watson and Rayner's "Little Albert" study?

A) Unconditioned stimulus-noise
B) Conditioned stimulus-fear
C) Unconditioned response-rat
D) Neutral stimulus-fear

Question 7

Which of the following sequences correctly arranges the phases of the classical conditioning process from first to last?

A) Acquisition → spontaneous recovery → extinction
B) Acquisition → extinction → spontaneous recovery
C) Spontaneous recovery → acquisition → extinction
D) Extinction → acquisition → spontaneous recovery

Question 8

Jonas is a veteran of the war in Iraq. He suffers from posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). At present, he is back home in a quiet California neighborhood, and jumps when he hears a firecracker or a car backfire. In the terminology of classical conditioning, these sounds are most likely to be referred to as ________ stimuli.

A) neutral
B) unconditioned
C) conditioned
D) normative

Question 9

________ is credited with laying the foundation for the study of classical conditioning in psychology.

A) Thorndike
B) Skinner
C) Pavlov
D) Watson

Question 10

Classical conditioning is most successful when the neutral stimulus occurs:

A) just before the unconditioned stimulus occurs.
B) at exactly the same time that the unconditioned stimulus occurs.
C) long before the unconditioned stimulus occurs.
D) immediately after the unconditioned stimulus occurs.

Question 11

________ is a type of learning in which a neutral stimulus comes to bring about a response after it is paired with a stimulus that naturally brings about that response.

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Instrumental conditioning

Question 12

________ refers to a decrease in the response to a stimulus when it is presented repeatedly, whereas ________ refers to the eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when an unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented.

A) Extinction; habituation
B) Habituation; extinction
C) Habituation; adaptation
D) Adaptation; habituation

Question 13

________ is a process in which, after a stimulus has been conditioned to produce a particular response, stimuli that are similar to the original stimulus produce the same response.

A) Stimulus location
B) Stimulus generalization
C) Stimulus reflexive
D) Stimulus discrimination

Question 14

In classical conditioning, how are the neutral stimulus and the conditioned response related?

A) They are not related; they are completely distinct stimuli.
B) They are the same thing, and the terms are interchangeable.
C) The neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus.
D) The conditioned stimulus becomes the neutral stimulus.

Question 15

Psychologists use the term ________ to refer to a relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experience.

A) growth
B) maturation
C) cognition
D) learning

Question 16

________ stimulus is a stimulus that, before conditioning, does not naturally bring about the response of interest.

A) Reflexive
B) Unconditioned
C) Neutral
D) Normative

Question 17

Jim tosses a newly purchased felt mouse across the floor. His cat chases it excitedly, clutches it in her paws, and rolls around with it. Several tosses later, his cat yawns pointedly and settles for a nap. The change in his cat's behavior illustrates:

A) adaptation.
B) habituation.
C) conditioning.
D) maturation.

Question 18

Alexis uses cocaine, which activates her sympathetic nervous system. Expecting her dealer, her hands shake and her heart pounds when she hears a knock on the door. In this scenario, which of the following alternatives correctly identifies the neutral stimulus, the CS, and the UCS?

A) Neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-cocaine; UCS-cocaine
B) Neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; UCS-pounding heart
C) Neutral stimulus-knock on the door; CS-knock on the door; UCS-cocaine
D) Neutral stimulus-cocaine; CS-knock on the door; UCS-cocaine

Question 19

________ occurs if two stimuli are sufficiently distinct from each other that one evokes a conditioned response but the other does not.

A) Stimulus location
B) Stimulus generalization
C) Stimulus diffusion
D) Stimulus discrimination

Question 20

________ stimulus is a stimulus that is natural and needs no training.

A) Conditioned
B) Unconditioned
C) Neutral
D) Normative

Question 21

Classical conditioning applies mostly to ________.

A) biological responses
B) voluntary behavior
C) forced behavior
D) voluntary responses

Question 22

The term reward is synonymous with:

A) positive reinforcement only.
B) reinforcement generally.
C) negative reinforcement only.
D) primary reinforcement only.

Question 23

Which of the following approaches to treating a phobia is correctly matched with the type of learning that it reflects?

A) Conditioning client to associate a response of relaxation rather than anxiety to the feared object-observational learning
B) Reinforcing client directly by interacting with the feared object-operant conditioning
C) Exposing client to a model interacting successfully with the feared object-classical conditioning
D) A new behavior is learned but not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it-perceptual learning

Question 24

As part of a behavior modification program, Kendra and her partner each agree to praise their daughter if she completes her assigned household chores by the end of the day. Such praise is an example of:

A) primary reinforcement
B) tertiary reinforcement
C) positive reinforcement
D) negative reinforcement

Question 25

Which of the following reinforcers is incorrectly categorized?

A) Food-primary reinforcer
B) Money-primary reinforcer
C) Praise-secondary reinforcer
D) Relief-primary reinforcer

Question 26

One reason Carlos continues to work at his job is the paycheck that he receives every two weeks. Carlos' paycheck is a _____ reinforcer.

A) neutral
B) primary
C) secondary
D) negative

Question 27

Dr. DiFonzo notices several students nodding in agreement as he lectures. Subsequently, his rhetoric becomes more confident and more passionate. The students have provided _____ reinforcement.

A) positive
B) secondary
C) conditioned
D) neutral

Question 28

Which of the following scenarios best exemplifies negative reinforcement?

A) Vanna fastens her seatbelt as soon as she gets in her car to stop the annoying alert sound.
B) Drake no longer cuts class now that his parents have confiscated his iPhone.
C) Maria buys a particular brand of cigarettes to get two packs for the price of one.
D) Nate no longer arrives late at work following a reprimand from his boss.

Question 29

Operant conditioning applies mainly to ________.

A) natural responses
B) voluntary responses
C) biological behavior
D) involuntary responses

Question 30

A _____ is any stimulus that increases the probability that a preceding behavior will occur again.

A) catalyst
B) rejoinder
C) reinforcer
D) stimulant

Question 31

Negative reinforcement:

A) is the same thing as punishment.
B) increases the likelihood that preceding behaviors will be repeated.
C) decreases the likelihood that a behavior will be performed.
D) is a stimulus whose removal leads to a decrease in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated.

Question 32

________ is learning in which a voluntary response is strengthened or weakened, depending on its favorable or unfavorable consequences.

A) Classical conditioning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Observational learning
D) Instrumental conditioning

Question 33

A(n) _____ reinforcer refers to the removal of an unpleasant stimulus, for instance, putting on a sweater when a person feels it is cold, which leads to an increase in the probability that a preceding response will be repeated in the future.

A) negative
B) secondary
C) unconditioned
D) neutral

Question 34

The most influential psychologist to study operant conditioning was:

A) Freud.
B) Watson.
C) Pavlov.
D) Skinner.

Question 35

Which of the following is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

A) Food
B) Sex
C) Money
D) Relief

Question 36

Reinforcers that satisfy biological needs are called _____ reinforcers.

A) primary
B) positive
C) unconditioned
D) reflexive

Question 37

The process by which a stimulus increases the likelihood that a preceding behavior will be repeated is called:

A) habituation.
B) reinforcement.
C) learning.
D) spontaneous recovery.

Question 38

Stimulus ________ provides the ability to differentiate between stimuli.

A) control
B) discrimination
C) generalization
D) diffusion

Question 39

Operant conditioning most importantly involves forming associations between:

A) neutral and unconditioned stimuli.
B) stimuli and involuntary behavior.
C) behavior and consequences.
D) conditioned response and reflex.

Question 40

A(n) _____ reinforcer is a stimulus added to the environment, like getting paid to work, that specifically brings about an increase in a preceding response.

A) primary
B) positive
C) unconditioned
D) neutral

Question 41

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative punishment?

A) Astrid tells her daughter that she is grounded for misbehaving and can't meet her friends for a week.
B) Carly yells at her husband when he comes home drunk.
C) Jim makes his middle schoolers run extra laps when they are unruly during his gym sessions.
D) Joanie takes several ibuprofen tablets when she has a headache.

Question 42

A vending machine is to a slot machine what _____ reinforcement is to _____ reinforcement.

A) secondary; primary
B) continuous; intermittent
C) partial; intermittent
D) variable; fixed

Question 43

Sheryl's parents have told her that she is grounded and will not be allowed to watch any television for a week, because she has not been completing her assignments on time. This is an example of a:

A) negative punishment.
B) negative reinforcement.
C) positive punishment.
D) positive reinforcement.

Question 44

A fixed-ratio schedule is a schedule:

A) by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
B) by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses, rather than after a fixed number.
C) that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
D) by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average, rather than being fixed.

Question 45

Dr. Arceneaux has developed several alternative plans to increase the number of online practice quizzes her students complete. Which of the following plans is incorrectly matched with the related schedule?

A) 1 bonus point for every 2 online practice quizzes completed-fixed-ratio schedule
B) 1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks if two or more quizzes have been completed-fixed-interval schedule
C) 1 bonus point awarded every now and then (about 2 weeks on average) if two or more quizzes have been completed recently-variable-ratio schedule
D) 1 bonus point awarded randomly, either for every 2 online quizzes taken or 2 bonus points for all those students taken within the first week-variable-interval schedule

Question 46

Dr. Arceneaux wants her students to make use of the online practice quizzes on her course site. Which of the following is the most effective plan to increase the number of practice quizzes completed?

A) 1 bonus point for every 2 online practice quizzes completed
B) 5 points deducted from the course total if no quizzes are completed
C) 1 bonus point awarded every 2 weeks if 2 or more quizzes have been completed
D) 1 bonus point awarded every now and then (about 2 weeks on average) if 2 or more quizzes have been completed recently

Question 47

_____ weakens a response through the application of an unpleasant stimulus.

A) Negative reinforcement
B) Negative punishment
C) Positive punishment
D) Normative reinforcement

Question 48

One doesn't receive a smile or a "thank you" each time one holds a door for the person behind him or her. The action is acknowledged occasionally. Door-holding is reinforced on a _____ reinforcement schedule.

A) continuous
B) partial
C) regular
D) fixed

Question 49

_____ punishment consists of the removal of something pleasant.

A) Prescriptive
B) Negative
C) Positive
D) Normative

Question 50

A variable-ratio schedule is a schedule:

A) by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
B) by which reinforcement occurs after a fluctuating number of responses, rather than after a fixed number.
C) that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
D) by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average, rather than being fixed.

Question 51

Which of the following is an example of positive punishment?

A) Andy fights with his wife and walks away.
B) Roy gets a speeding ticket.
C) Amy grounds her son for misbehaving and does not let him watch television.
D) Rita gives her dog a treat for rolling over.

Question 52

Which of the following is an example of a negative punishment?

A) Gina fights with her husband and avoids him.
B) Andrew spanks his child for misbehaving.
C) Todd yells at his wife for being irresponsible.
D) Jim, a manager, informs an employee that she has been demoted because of a poor job evaluation.

Question 53

A fixed-interval schedule is a schedule:

A) by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
B) by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses, rather than after a fixed number.
C) that provides reinforcement for a response only if an unvarying time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
D) by which the time between reinforcements varies around some average, rather than being constant.

Question 54

Behavior that is reinforced every time it occurs is said to be on a(n) _____ reinforcement schedule.

A) secondary
B) positive
C) intermittent
D) continuous

Question 55

Which of the following promotions exemplifies the use of a fixed-ratio schedule of reinforcement?

A) A café prints "You are a winner" on one-twelfth of its coffee lids. Patrons who receive such lids can redeem them for free beverages.
B) A café provides its customers with punch cards. Each time a patron purchases a beverage, a hole is punched, and when ten such holes are punched, the patron receives a free beverage.
C) A café offers each patron an early morning two-for-one free-beverage-with-purchase deal from 5 to 6 a.m. on Monday mornings.
D) Occasionally, a café announces a two-for-one deal.

Question 56

Typically, long pauses in responses are associated with _____ schedules.

A) fixed-interval
B) fixed-ratio
C) variable-interval
D) variable-ratio

Question 57

Which of the following consequences is correctly matched with an example?

A) Positive reinforcement-Harvey, a student, is suspended when he vandalizes school property.
B) Negative reinforcement-Jeff puts up his umbrella when it starts to rain, so he won't get drenched.
C) Positive punishment-Jacqueline's teacher puts a cute sticker on an arithmetic exercise completed without mistakes.
D) Negative punishment-Tommy receives a written reprimand from his boss following a series of customer complaints.

Question 58

Which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of punishments?

A) It is ineffective if it is not delivered immediately after the undesirable behavior.
B) Physical punishment sends the message that aggressive behavior is appropriate.
C) It tends to change behavior very slowly.
D) Punishment does not suggest which alternative behaviors might be more desirable.

Question 59

In general, _____ schedules of reinforcement yield high response rates.

A) variable-interval
B) fixed-interval
C) variable-ratio
D) fixed-ratio

Question 60

Which of the following consequences is correctly matched with an example?

A) Positive reinforcement-Vickie applies lotion to lessen the discomfort of a minor burn.
B) Negative reinforcement-Ella's parents confiscate her car keys for breaking curfew.
C) Positive punishment-Laurel's mother yells at her when Laurel tries stealing $20 from her mother's purse.
D) Negative punishment-Maddie receives a bonus for outstanding work performance.

Question 61

_____ modification is a formalized technique for promoting the frequency of desirable conducts and decreasing the incidence of unwanted ones.

A) Functional
B) Genetic
C) Posttranslational
D) Behavior

Question 62

Psychologists working within the cognitive learning perspective:

A) deny the importance of classical and operant conditioning.
B) go beyond classical and operant conditioning.
C) perform research essentially identical to that conducted by more traditional learning theorists.
D) have probably never heard of classical and operant conditioning.

Question 63

A(n) _____ is a mental representation of spatial locations and directions.

A) algorithm
B) prototype
C) cognitive map
D) perceptual blueprint

Question 64

Based on your reading of the text, the average child in the United States has viewed more than _____ murders on network TV by the time he or she graduates from elementary school.

A) 12
B) 500
C) 8,000
D) 6,000

Question 65

Observational learning is based in part on the activity of _____ neurons in the brain.

A) mirror
B) reflexive
C) imitative
D) modeling

Question 66

Bandura's Bobo doll experiment was intended to demonstrate:

A) shaping.
B) observational learning.
C) latent learning.
D) stimulus control training.

Question 67

The process of teaching a complex behavior by reinforcing closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior is called:

A) stimulus control training.
B) discrimination training.
C) shaping.
D) behavior modification.

Question 68

An analytic learning style is most likely to be displayed by:

A) Caucasian males.
B) Asian American females.
C) Hispanic American females.
D) Native American males.

Question 69

According to a survey, approximately _____ of the young male offenders in Florida who were considered violent had attempted to commit a media-inspired copycat crime.

A) one-fifth
B) one-fourth
C) one-third
D) half

Question 70

A behavior analyst:

A) helps clients explore the unconscious motivations behind their behaviors.
B) helps clients change how they think about their own behavior and that of others.
C) specializes in behavior modification techniques.
D) conducts basic research into conditioning mechanisms and principles.

Question 71

Which of the following alternatives correctly matches a learning style described in the text with one of its characteristics?

A) Relational style-shows intuitive thinking
B) Relational style-able to focus on details
C) Analytical style-displays improvisational, intuitive thinking
D) Analytical style-displays good memory for relevant, verbal material

Question 72

The cognitive learning theory emphasizes:

A) expectations.
B) imitation.
C) consolidation.
D) associations.

Question 73

The _____ learning theory is an approach to the study of learning that focuses on the thought processes that underlie learning.

A) transformative
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) constructivism

Question 74

Learning by watching the behavior of another person, or model, is known as _____ learning.

A) perceptual
B) observational
C) latent
D) tangential

Question 75

Which theorist is correctly matched with the concept with which he is associated?

A) Bandura-classical conditioning
B) Tolman-latent learning
C) Pavlov-observational learning
D) Watson-associative learning

Question 76

_____ is associated with the Fearless Peer experiment which demonstrates _____.

A) Pavlov; classical conditioning
B) Bandura; observational learning
C) Skinner; operant conditioning
D) Thorndike; latent learning

Question 77

A variable-interval schedule is a schedule:

A) by which reinforcement is given only after a specific number of responses are made.
B) by which reinforcement occurs after a varying number of responses, rather than after a fixed number.
C) that provides reinforcement for a response only if a fixed time period has elapsed, making overall rates of response relatively low.
D) by which the time between reinforcements fluctuates around some average, rather than being fixed.

Question 78

_____ learning occurs without reinforcement.

A) Latent
B) Operant
C) Subliminal
D) Manifest

Question 79

Learning in which a new behavior is acquired but is not demonstrated until some incentive is provided for displaying it is known as _____ learning.

A) tangential
B) latent
C) perceptual
D) spatial

Question 80

The cognitive learning concept of _____ learning is most prominently associated with _____.

A) latent; Tolman
B) latent; Thorndike
C) implicit; Tolman
D) implicit; Thorndike