Deck 5: Ems Research

Question 1

Which of the following is a common measure of dispersion?

A) Standard deviation
B) Confidence interval
C) Inferential statistics
D) Ordinal data

Answer 1

Standard deviation

Question 2

What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative research?

A) Quantitative research uses a control group; qualitative research does not use a control group.
B) Quantitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; qualitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data.
C) Quantitative research does not use a control group; qualitative research does use a control group.
D) Qualitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; quantitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data.

Answer 2

Quantitative research is designed to determine the relationship between one thing and another and describe it with numbers; qualitative research primarily relies on collection of nonnumeric data.

Question 3

What is the first step of the scientific method?

A) Observe and ask questions.
B) Construct a hypothesis.
C) Conduct research and collect data.
D) Test the hypothesis.

Answer 3

Observe and ask questions.

Question 4

Where are the results of a scientific study published, regardless of the outcome of the study?

A) In a medical director paper
B) In an EMS trade magazine
C) In a university-based magazine
D) In a peer-reviewed journal

Question 5

A specific question that a research study sets out to answer is called the:

A) hypothesis.
B) experiment.
C) meta-analysis.
D) odds ratio.

Question 6

The statistic that reflects only the odds of seeing the results of a particular piece of research if the study hypothesis is TRUE is the:

A) nominal data.
B) P value.
C) chi square test.
D) t test.

Question 7

A type of study that does not allow the subjects or the experimenters to know who is in the control group is:

A) quasi-experimental.
B) cross-sectional.
C) double blind
D) single blind.

Question 8

The most valid of all the specific study types is:

A) cross-sectional study.
B) meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
C) expert opinions, editorials, rational conjecture.
D) In vivo research.

Question 9

The process by which scientists endeavor to construct an accurate representation of the world that is reliable, consistent, and non-arbitrary is the:

A) case series.
B) random sampling.
C) iterative process.
D) scientific method.

Question 10

________ describes phenomena in numbers.

A) Prospective research
B) Qualitative research
C) Mixed research
D) Quantitative research

Question 11

In many situations it is unethical to withhold treatment from a group simply for the purposes of experimentation. As a result, a(n) ________ study must be done.

A) observational
B) quasi-experimental
C) retrospective
D) prospective

Question 12

In a(n) ________ study, subjects are randomized into either the treatment group or the control group; this type is considered among the most valid of studies.

A) experimental
B) quasi-experimental
C) observational
D) retrospective

Question 13

The person who is overseeing a study and is familiar with requirements for informed consent is the:

A) controller.
B) institutional review foreman.
C) principal investigator.
D) abstract editor.

Question 14

Which type of research can help determine whether a procedure, drug, treatment, or similar strategy actually improves patient outcomes?

A) Bench
B) Outcomes-based
C) Mixed
D) Qualitative

Question 15

When comparing and contrasting between a retrospective and prospective study, which of the following is a TRUE statement?

A) Prospective studies are generally less expensive than retrospective methodologies.
B) There is more chance for the introduction of bias in the data gathering for prospective studies.
C) Prospective studies have greater validity than retrospective studies.
D) Retrospective studies use a research form or instrument specifically designed for the study.

Question 16

A group of subjects who do not have manipulation of the independent variable is called the:

A) subject group.
B) experimental group.
C) treatment group.
D) control group.

Question 17

The difference between mean and median is which of the following?

A) Mean is calculated by adding values, then dividing the sum by the number of values involved; median is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value.
B) Mean is a representation of the standard deviation within a study, and median is the value of the variance.
C) Median is calculated by adding values, then dividing the sum by the number of values involved; mean is calculated by putting the values into numerical order and finding the middle value.
D) Mean is the value of the variance within a study, and median is a representation of the standard deviation.

Question 18

The acronym ANOVA stands for:

A) an over-variable analog.
B) a novel analysis.
C) analysis of variance.
D) abstract null overaction.

Question 19

The ________ is a brief paragraph that summarizes the need for the study, the research methods used, and the results encountered.

A) abstract
B) mode
C) hypothesis
D) parameter

Question 20

How well a study supports the conclusions is referred to as:

A) variance.
B) validity.
C) bias.
D) ordinal data.

Question 21

The first thing to appear after the title and names of the authors of a research paper is the:

A) introduction.
B) summary.
C) abstract.
D) results.

Question 22

Which section of a research paper describes exactly how the authors conducted the study, including what population they wished to study, how subjects were selected (and excluded), and what intervention was performed?

A) Introduction
B) Discussion
C) Methods
D) Results

Question 23

Which of these is an EMS technique that has been proven through research to be less effective than once thought?

A) tiered response
B) modified Valsalva maneuver
C) endotracheal intubation
D) evidence-based practice

Question 24

Which of these conclusions did the 2001 National EMS Research Agenda NOT reach?

A) Develop a cadre of EMS researchers and support them early in their careers.
B) Publicize research that supports the consensus of EMS medical directors.
C) Establish an alternate funding source for EMS research outside of government.
D) View research as necessary for the improvement of patient care.

Question 25

Which of these is not necessarily a step EMS providers should take when conducting a research study?

A) Implement a cohort study model.
B) Determine how to obtain informed consent from study subjects.
C) Prepare a null hypothesis and research hypothesis.
D) Define the population to be studied.

Question 26

Telling participants the inclusion and exclusion criteria for enrolling patients in the study, the effect of the study on patient care in general, and the risks and potential benefits to patients in the study helps to:

A) gain informed consent.
B) get EMS concessions.
C) identify the PI.
D) determine how to publish.

Question 27

________ are very important in interpreting the value of the research results.

A) Measures of central tendency
B) Standard deviations
C) Qualitative statistics
D) Confidence intervals

Question 28

This type of study has less validity than an RCT, but it has utility in some circumstances. The problem in this study design is that there is an increased chance that the study groups will be different.

A) Cohort study
B) Nonrandomized controlled trial
C) Cross-sectional study
D) Case series

Question 29

A ________ is undertaken first to find unforeseen obstacles to data gathering during participation in a research study.

A) null hypothesis
B) pilot trial
C) principal investigation
D) data analysis

Question 30

The mean is especially useful when the data are what statisticians call "normally distributed." This means :

A) if you graphed the data, it would form a shape similar to a bell curve.
B) values are placed into numerical order, and the middle value is determined.
C) the data falls within the "fiftieth percentile."
D) the distribution of a group is how spread out it is, or how dispersed the data are.

Question 31

What type of confidence interval would be appropriate for a research study that is potentially going to change EMS practice?

A) 80 percent
B) 85 percent
C) 90 percent
D) 95 percent

Question 32

All of the following are questions to ask when reviewing a study, EXCEPT:

A) Was the study type appropriate?
B) Was the research peer reviewed?
C) Were the results reported properly?
D) What control group were the researchers studying?

Question 33

The ________ section of a research paper is where the authors interpret their findings and describe their significance.

A) summary
B) results
C) methods
D) discussion