Deck 18: Economic Inequality

Question 1

In 2015,the mode income received by 10.8 percent of households in Canada was between

A)$18,500 and $21,999.
B)$15,000 and $19,999.
C)$30,000 and $39,999.
D)$16,000 and $22,500.
E)$18,000 and $24,999.

Answer 1

$30,000 and $39,999.

Question 2

In 2015,the median household income in Canada was

A)$30,000.
B)$39,999.
C)$56,000.
D)$69,100.
E)$50,700.

Answer 2

$56,000.

Question 3

Market income equals the wages,

A)interest,rent,and profit earned in factor markets after paying income taxes.
B)interest,and profit earned in factor markets before paying income taxes.
C)interest,and rent earned in factor markets before paying income taxes.
D)interest,rent,and profit earned in factor markets before paying income taxes.
E)rent,and profit earned in factor markets before paying income taxes.

Answer 3

interest,rent,and profit earned in factor markets before paying income taxes.

Question 4

After-tax income equals

A)total income minus tax payments by households to governments.
B)total income minus tax payments by households to firms.
C)total income plus tax payments by households to governments.
D)market income plus cash payments to households by governments.
E)market income minus tax payments by households to governments.

Question 5

Total income equals

A)market income minus payments to firms by governments.
B)market income plus cash payments to households by governments.
C)the wages,interest,rent,and profit earned in factor markets before paying income taxes.
D)the wages,interest,rent,and profit earned in factor markets after paying income taxes.
E)market income minus cash payments to households by governments.

Question 6

In 2015,what percentage of households received the mode income in Canada?

A)7.2 percent
B)13.0 percent
C)10.8 percent
D)50 percent
E)20 percent

Question 7

In 2015,the 20 percent of Canadian households with the highest incomes received what percentage of the total after-tax income?

A)20 percent
B)23.3 percent
C)71 percent
D)38.7 percent
E)61.3 percent

Question 8

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.1.1
In Figure 18.1.1,the second poorest 20 percent of all families receive what share of income?

A)10 percent
B)20 percent
C)30 percent
D)40 percent
E)50 percent

Question 9

The larger the gap between the income Lorenz curve and the line of equality,

A)the greater is the equality in the income distribution.
B)the less is the inequality in the income distribution.
C)the poorer are the top 50 percent of households.
D)the richer are the lowest 50 percent of households.
E)the greater is the inequality in the income distribution.

Question 10

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.1.1
Refer to Figure 18.1.1.The richest 20 percent of households receive what share of total income?

A)10 percent
B)30 percent
C)40 percent
D)60 percent
E)100 percent

Question 11

In 2015,the middle 20 percent of households received what percentage of total Canadian after-tax income?

A)13.0 percent
B)17.8 percent
C)20.2 percent
D)23.3 percent
E)38.7 percent

Question 12

Which of the following does Statistics Canada use to provide measures of economic inequality?

A)market income only
B)market income and after-tax income only
C)after-tax income only
D)total market and after-tax income only
E)market income,total income,and after-tax income

Question 13

In 2015,the mean household income in Canada was

A)$69,100.
B)$56,000.
C)$39,999.
D)$30,000.
E)$65,000.

Question 14

The income Lorenz curve illustrates the distribution of income by graphing the

A)cumulative percentage of income received against the cumulative percentage of households.
B)total income earned by each quintile of households.
C)wealth earned by a cumulative percentage of households.
D)cumulative frequency of specific incomes.
E)percentage change in income for a percentage change in population.

Question 15

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.1.1
In Figure 18.1.1,the second richest 20 percent of all families receive what share of income?

A)10 percent
B)20 percent
C)30 percent
D)40 percent
E)50 percent

Question 16

In 2015,the poorest 20 percent of Canadian households received what percentage of the nation's after-tax income?

A)13.0 percent
B)7.2 percent
C)20.2 percent
D)17.8 percent
E)23.3 percent

Question 17

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.1.1
Refer to Figure 18.1.1.The middle 20 percent of households receive what share of total income?

A)20 percent
B)25 percent
C)35 percent
D)15 percent
E)60 percent

Question 18

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.1.1
Refer to Figure 18.1.1.The poorest 20 percent of households receive what share of total income?

A)40 percent
B)60 percent
C)20 percent
D)5 percent
E)10 percent

Question 19

An income Lorenz curve

A)graphs the cumulative percentage of income against the cumulative percentage of households.
B)measures the income among households ranked from the poorest to the richest.
C)measures the income among households ranked from the richest to the poorest.
D)measures the factor prices earned by the rich compared with the poor.
E)is a downward-sloping curve.

Question 20

If each household made the same amount of income,then the Lorenz curve would be

A)not defined,because it measures income inequality not income equality.
B)the line of poverty.
C)the line of equality.
D)a right angle.
E)horizontal.

Question 21

The closer the income Lorenz curve is to the line of equality,

A)the more equal is the income distribution.
B)the less equal is the income distribution.
C)the more unfair is the income distribution.
D)the richer are the highest 5 percent of households.
E)the poorer are the highest 5 percent of households.

Question 22

Which diagram is used by economists to illustrate the distribution of income or wealth?

A)Lorenz curve
B)normal bell-shaped distribution
C)wage differential curve
D)low-income cut-off curve
E)a time-series graph

Question 23

The low-income cutoff level is

A)a level of housing and food provided by the government.
B)a fixed real income used to determine whether or not a household may qualify for welfare.
C)the income level below which a family normally spends 73.6 percent or more of its income on food,shelter,and clothing.
D)the income level below which a family normally spends 63.6 percent or more of its income on food,shelter,and clothing.
E)a level of income below which starvation occurs.

Question 24

The Gini ratio for a perfectly equal distribution of income is

A)equal to zero.
B)equal to 1.
C)equal to 100.
D)equal to infinity.
E)negative.

Question 25

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.1.2
Consider the Lorenz curves in Figure 18.1.2.Which point indicates that the richest 20 percent of families earn 60 percent of the income?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)the origin

Question 26

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.1.2
Consider the Lorenz curves in Figure 18.1.2.Which Lorenz curve corresponds to the greatest income inequality?

A)A
B)B
C)C
D)D
E)impossible to tell without additional information

Question 27

Wealth differs from income because

A)income is a stock and wealth is a flow.
B)wealth is derived from income.
C)income is what you earn and wealth is what you own.
D)income is what you own and wealth is what you earn.
E)wealth is preferable to income.

Question 28

Poverty is

A)an income below the national average income level.
B)an income below the national median income level.
C)a state in which a family's income is too low to be able to buy the quantities of food,shelter,and clothing that are deemed necessary.
D)the income earned by the poorest 20 percent of households.
E)a state in which a family spends more than 50 percent of its income on food,shelter,and clothing.

Question 29

The income distribution in Canada is

A)bell-shaped.
B)positively skewed.
C)negatively skewed.
D)uniform.
E)unfair.

Question 30

The distribution of annual income

A)understates the degree of inequality because it does not take into account the family's stage in its life cycle.
B)understates the degree of inequality because it does not take into account the distribution of human capital.
C)overstates the degree of inequality because it does not take into account the family's stage in its life cycle.
D)overstates the degree of inequality because it does not take into account the distribution of human capital.
E)is an accurate measure of the degree of inequality.

Question 31

From an examination of data on income and wealth,it can be concluded that

A)wealth distribution is more equal than income distribution.
B)income distribution is more equal than wealth distribution.
C)wealth distribution is equal to income distribution.
D)income and wealth are the same.
E)income and wealth are unrelated.

Question 32

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.1.2
Which point in Figure 18.1.2 indicates that the richest 20 percent of families earn 40 percent of the income?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)the origin

Question 33

The six household characteristics that stand out when determining the incidence of poverty include all of the following except

A)household type.
B)education.
C)age of householder.
D)rural or urban location.
E)number of children.

Question 34

The inequality in the distribution of wealth is

A)less than the inequality in the distribution of income.
B)decreased by the existence of assortative mating.
C)a better measure of the inequality in the distribution of economic resources than is the inequality in the distribution of income.
D)shown by a Lorenz curve that is farther away from the line of equality than the Lorenz curve for income.
E)the result of an increasing Gini coefficient.

Question 35

Measured wealth distributions that do not consider the distribution of human capital

A)overstate the equality of the income distribution.
B)understate the inequality of the income distribution.
C)are correct since human capital is difficult to accurately measure.
D)overstate the inequality of the wealth distribution.
E)are correct because the distribution of human capital is about the same as the distribution of non-human wealth.

Question 36

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.1.2
Refer to Figure 18.1.2.What is curve A called?

A)market distribution line
B)line of equality
C)fairness line
D)low-income cut-off line
E)after-tax income

Question 37

The wealthiest 10 percent of Canadian families own approximately

A)10 percent of the wealth.
B)17 percent of the wealth.
C)51 percent of the wealth.
D)67 percent of the wealth.
E)80 percent of the wealth.

Question 38

In Canada,the low-income cut-off level for a family is when ________ or more of income is spent on food,shelter,and clothing.

A)33.6 percent
B)43.6 percent
C)53.6 percent
D)63.6 percent
E)73.6 percent

Question 39

The distribution of wealth

A)understates the degree of inequality because it does not take into account the family's stage in its life cycle.
B)understates the degree of inequality because it does not take into account the distribution of human capital.
C)overstates the degree of inequality because it does not take into account the family's stage in its life cycle.
D)overstates the degree of inequality because it does not take into account the distribution of human capital.
E)is an accurate measure of the degree of inequality.

Question 40

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.1.2
Consider the Lorenz curves in Figure 18.1.2.Which point indicates that the poorest 20 percent of families earn 9 percent of the income?

A)a
B)b
C)c
D)d
E)the origin

Question 41

If the supply of labour curve is upward sloping but not vertical,and if the value of marginal product of labour increases,

A)the supply of labour increases.
B)the wage rate rises.
C)the marginal cost of production increases.
D)the exploitation of workers decreases.
E)employment is unchanged.

Question 42

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.2
Refer to Figure 18.3.2.At an employment level of 20 hours per week,firms are willing to pay

A)a wage rate of $21 an hour to low-skilled workers.
B)a maximum of $15 an hour to high-skilled workers.
C)up to $21 an hour for high-skilled workers.
D)the same for high-skilled workers as for low-skilled workers.
E)$3 an hour more for high-skilled workers.

Question 43

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.1
Refer to Figure 18.3.1.The vertical distance between the demand curves of the high-skilled and low-skilled workers is

A)equal to the difference in the value of marginal product of the workers.
B)equal to the difference in the work ethic of the workers.
C)caused by discrimination against minorities.
D)caused by discrimination against women.
E)equal to the cost of acquiring human capital.

Question 44

The demand for high-skilled labour is derived from the

A)exploitation of the low-skilled workers.
B)marginal cost of production.
C)lower wage of the labour.
D)supply of the high-skilled labourers.
E)value of marginal product of high-skilled labour.

Question 45

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.1
The vertical distance between the two supply curves in Figure 18.3.1

A)is the compensation for the cost of acquiring human capital.
B)is the VMP of skill.
C)is the result of discrimination against low-skilled workers.
D)is the result of subsidies for high-skilled workers.
E)will disappear if there is free entry in the high-skilled market.

Question 46

The world distribution of income has become more equal since 1970 because

A)average incomes in poorer countries are rising much faster than average incomes in rich countries.
B)the distribution of income within most countries has become more equal.
C)foreign aid programs from rich nations have increased in size and especially in effectiveness.
D)technology is used similarly in all countries.
E)the world population is increasing.

Question 47

Incomes in China and India are a small fraction of incomes in Canada.But incomes in China and India are growing at more than twice the rate of those in Canada.As a result,the inequality in income between the people in China and India and people in Canada is ________ and the world Gini ratio is ________.

A)staying relatively constant;remaining constant
B)increasing in some years and decreasing in other years;remaining constant
C)decreasing;decreasing
D)increasing;increasing
E)decreasing;increasing

Question 48

The Gini ratio in Brazil was over 0.6 in 1990 and fell to 0.5 in 2010.This change means that between 1990 and 2010,income inequality ________ and the Lorenz curve moved ________ the 45-degree line.

A)decreased;closer to
B)decreased;further away from
C)increased;closer to
D)increased;further away from
E)increased;so that it was the same as

Question 49

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.1
Refer only to the information in Figure 18.3.1.At any given wage rate,

A)more hours of low-skilled labour will be demanded than high-skilled labour.
B)more hours of high-skilled labour will be demanded than low-skilled labour.
C)more hours of low-skilled labour will be supplied than high-skilled labour.
D)more hours of high-skilled labour will be supplied than low-skilled labour.
E)both B and C are correct.

Question 50

The demand for low-skilled labour is derived from the

A)work left undone by the high-skilled workers.
B)marginal cost of production.
C)lower wage rate of the labour.
D)supply of the high-skilled labourers.
E)value of marginal product of low-skilled labour.

Question 51

The distribution of world income is ________ the distribution of Canadian income.

A)more equal than
B)equal to
C)not comparable to
D)equal to the distribution of Canadian wealth and more equal than
E)less equal than

Question 52

Between 1976 and 2015,the Canadian Gini ratio ________,which means income inequality in Canada ________.

A)increased;increased
B)increased;decreased
C)increased;did not change
D)decreased;decreased
E)decreased;did not change

Question 53

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.1
Refer to Figure 18.3.1.Choose the correct statement.

A)The elasticity of demand for high-skilled labourers is less than the elasticity of demand for low-skilled labourers.
B)High-skilled labourers receive a lower wage than low-skilled labourers.
C)High-skilled labourers receive a greater wage than low-skilled labourers.
D)The vertical distance between the two demand curves is the compensation for the cost of acquiring human capital.
E)The vertical distance between the two curves is the present value of human capital.

Question 54

Between 1970 and 2005,the world Gini ratio ________ indicating ________ in the world distribution of income.

A)fell;greater equality
B)fell;greater inequality
C)did not change;no change
D)rose;greater equality
E)rose;greater inequality

Question 55

Since 1976 the Canadian Gini ratio has

A)decreased and then increased.
B)decreased.
C)increased,with the main increase occurring during the 1990s.
D)been approximately equal to zero.
E)increased,with the main increase occurring during the 2000s.

Question 56

The greater the value of marginal product of labour,the

A)greater is the supply of labour.
B)greater is the demand for labour.
C)greater is the marginal cost of production.
D)greater is unemployment.
E)lower is the wage rate.

Question 57

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.2
Refer to Figure 18.3.2.At an employment level of 40 hours per week,the difference in the value of marginal product of high-skilled workers and low-skilled workers is

A)$0.
B)$2 an hour.
C)$6 an hour.
D)$4 an hour.
E)$3 an hour.

Question 58

Among Canada,Finland,and South Africa,income is distributed most equally in ________ and least equally in ________.

A)South Africa;Finland
B)Canada;South Africa
C)South Africa;Canada
D)Finland;Canada
E)Finland;South Africa

Question 59

If the area between the line of equality and the Lorenz curve is 1,250 and the entire area beneath the line of equality is 5,000,the Gini ratio is

A)1,250.
B)0.80.
C)0.25.
D)0.33.
E)4.00.

Question 60

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.1
Refer to Figure 18.3.1.At the equilibrium wage rates,

A)more high-skilled workers are hired than low-skilled workers.
B)more low-skilled workers are hired than high-skilled workers.
C)the horizontal distance between the two demand curves is the compensation for the cost of acquiring human capital.
D)the horizontal distance between the two supply curves is the value of marginal product of skill.
E)value of marginal product is maximized.

Question 61

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.5
Refer to Figure 18.3.5.This figure shows the labour supply curves and the value of marginal product curves for high-skilled and low-skilled workers.If there is an increase in the supply of high-skilled workers and the supply of high-skilled workers is now equal to the supply of low-skilled workers,then employment of high-skilled labour would

A)remain the same.
B)decrease.
C)increase to 40 hours per week.
D)increase to 50 hours per week.
E)increase to 60 hours per week.

Question 62

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.5
Refer to Figure 18.3.5.This figure shows the labour supply curves and the value of marginal product curves for high-skilled and low-skilled workers.If the labour markets are competitive,then for a 40-hour work week,high-skilled workers must be paid

A)an extra $9 to compensate for the cost of acquiring their human capital and for their increased productivity.
B)an extra $60 to compensate for the cost of acquiring their human capital and for their increased productivity.
C)an extra $360 to compensate for the cost of acquiring their human capital and for their increased productivity.
D)an extra $900 to compensate for the cost of acquiring their human capital and for their enhanced productivity.
E)an extra $540 to compensate for the cost of acquiring their human capital and for their increased productivity.

Question 63

Which one of the following is not a reason why the wages of high-skilled workers exceed the wages of low-skilled workers?

A)The market for high-skilled workers is more competitive than the market for low-skilled labour.
B)The value of marginal product of high-skilled workers is greater than that of low-skilled workers.
C)The cost of obtaining the human capital required for high-skilled workers is greater than the cost of obtaining the human capital required for low-skilled workers.
D)High-skilled workers have acquired more human capital than low-skilled workers.
E)The demand curve for high-skilled workers lies to the right of the demand curve for low-skilled workers.

Question 64

Complete the following sentence.Passing on wealth from one generation to another

A)can decrease the inequality of wealth.
B)will decrease the inequality of income.
C)is limited since the government taxes this at a very high marginal tax rate.
D)is one of the main causes of social unrest.
E)will make the distribution of wealth more closely match the distribution of human capital.

Question 65

A generation that is wealthy and leaves assets to another generation that is not wealthy

A)increases the inequality of the income distribution.
B)decreases the inequality of the income distribution.
C)does not change the distribution of income.
D)proves that inheritance taxes are needed.
E)is improving efficiency.

Question 66

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.2
Refer to Figure 18.3.2.At a wage rate of $15,an employer would hire

A)the same amount of high-skilled workers and low-skilled workers.
B)20 hours of low-skilled labour and 40 hours of high-skilled labour.
C)60 hours of low-skilled labour and 20 hours of high-skilled labour.
D)20 hours of low-skilled labour and 60 hours of high-skilled labour.
E)40 hours of low-skilled labour and 60 hours of high-skilled labour.

Question 67

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.5
Refer to Figure 18.3.5.This figure shows the labour supply curves and the value of marginal product curves for high-skilled and low-skilled workers.If there is an increase in the supply of high-skilled workers and the supply of high-skilled workers is now equal to the supply of low-skilled workers,then

A)wages paid to high-skilled workers would fall to $12 an hour.
B)wages paid to high-skilled workers would fall to $15 an hour.
C)wages paid to high-skilled workers would fall to $18 an hour.
D)there would be no change in the wages of high-skilled workers,because high-skilled workers always earn more than low-skilled workers.
E)there would be no change in the wages of high-skilled workers,because their value of marginal product is unchanged.

Question 68

Use the figure below to answer the following question. Figure 18.3.3
Refer to Figure 18.3.3.At any given level of employment for high-skilled and low-skilled workers,the vertical distance between the two supply curves

A)disappears if there is free entry into the skill market.
B)disappears if there is equal pay for work of equal value.
C)is created by discrimination against low-skilled workers.
D)is the compensation required for the cost of acquiring human capital.
E)equals the value of marginal product of skill.

Question 69

Assortative mating

A)tends to break down barriers between the social classes.
B)tends to increase the equality of the income distribution.
C)tends to increase the equality of the distribution of wealth.
D)tends to keep the income and wealth distributions from becoming more equal.
E)occurs rarely these days due to changes in social values.

Question 70

Use the figure below to answer the following question. Figure 18.3.4
Refer to Figure 18.3.4.At an employment level of 30 hours per week,the compensation required for the cost of acquiring human capital is

A)$0.
B)$2 an hour.
C)$4 an hour.
D)$6 an hour.
E)cannot be determined without knowing the demand for labour.

Question 71

Which of the following three statements is true? Human capital

A)decreases your value of marginal product.
B)lowers your wages.
C)may reduce your income while you are accumulating it.
D)All of the above statements are true.
E)None of the above statements is true.

Question 72

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.6
Refer to Figure 18.3.6.If this is the market for a group of workers who are discriminated against by customers and point A represents the equilibrium without discrimination,which point represents the equilibrium for the workers who are discriminated against?

A)D
B)B
C)I
D)C
E)H

Question 73

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.6
Refer to Figure 18.3.6.This is the market for a group of workers.If point A represents the equilibrium for workers with higher human capital,which point represents the equilibrium for the workers with less human capital?

A)D
B)B
C)I
D)C
E)H

Question 74

Other things remaining the same,if education costs rise substantially,we would expect to see

A)a decrease in the value of marginal product of high-skilled workers.
B)a decrease in the demand for high-skilled workers.
C)an increase in the supply of high-skilled workers.
D)an increase in the number of high-skilled workers employed.
E)an increase in the wages received by high-skilled workers.

Question 75

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.5
Refer to Figure 18.3.5.This figure shows the labour supply curves and the value of marginal product curves for high-skilled and low-skilled workers.The equilibrium wage rate for low-skilled workers is

A)$9 an hour.
B)$21 an hour.
C)$18 an hour.
D)$15 an hour.
E)$12 an hour.

Question 76

If discrimination takes the form of consumers discriminating against a group of workers,the effect on this group of workers will be to shift their

A)value of marginal product curve rightward and increase their wage rate.
B)value of marginal product curve leftward and decrease their wage rate.
C)value of marginal product curve rightward and decrease their wage rate.
D)supply of labour curve leftward and increase their wage rate.
E)supply of labour curve rightward and decrease their wage rate.

Question 77

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.6
Refer to Figure 18.3.6.If this is the market for a group of workers who are discriminated in favour of by consumers and point A represents the equilibrium without discrimination,which point represents the equilibrium for the workers who receive favourable discrimination?

A)D
B)B
C)I
D)C
E)H

Question 78

Assortative mating means that

A)poor men tend to marry rich women.
B)people tend to marry within their own socioeconomic class.
C)people tend to marry above their own socioeconomic class.
D)same sex marriages occur because "like attracts like."
E)people with different values will marry.

Question 79

Which of the following statements is false? Human capital

A)is the accumulated skill and knowledge of human beings.
B)is costly to acquire.
C)increases from on-the-job training.
D)increases from higher wages.
E)increases from education.

Question 80

Use the figure below to answer the following questions. Figure 18.3.5
Refer to Figure 18.3.5.This figure shows the labour supply curves and the value of marginal product curves for high-skilled and low-skilled workers.The equilibrium wage rate for high-skilled workers is

A)$15 an hour.
B)$12 an hour.
C)$18 an hour.
D)$24 an hour.
E)$21 an hour.