Deck 8: Cognitive Motivation: Expectancy-Value Approaches

Question 1

According to Rotter, our preference for an event is determined by that event's _____, which is its desirability to us.

A) situation factors
B) subjective estimates
C) reinforcement value
D) generalized value

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Lewin's _____ theory emphasizes that the reaction of an object is the result of all the forces acting upon that object within the field containing it.

A) social learning
B) person-object
C) field
D) behavioristic

Answer 2

C

Question 3

According to Tolman, a _____ suggests that behavior will be rewarded and that the reward can be found in specific locations.

A) humanistic drive
B) behavioristic view point
C) learning-performance distinction
D) cognitive map

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Lewin would argue that the need for food would be a _____ need, whereas the need for concert tickets would be a _____ need.

A) central; peripheral
B) primary; secondary
C) basic; fun
D) motivational; learned

Question 5

According to Lewin, _____ determines which psychological facts are most attractive as a way of satisfying a need.

A) importance
B) primary need
C) valence
D) tension

Question 6

The _____ theory attempts to explain the internal and external (social) factors that influence the acquisition and regulation of behavior.

A) social learning
B) acquisition-regulation
C) valence
D) conscious-unconscious

Question 7

Lewin's force field theory emphasizes which of the following ideas?

A) tension as an internal motivational force
B) tension as an external motivational force
C) the role of stimulus-response units as motivators
D) the intrinsic value of goals

Question 8

In their experiment on place learning, Tolman, Ritchie, and Kalish (1946) found that:

A) response learning was faster than place learning
B) place learning was faster than response learning
C) place and response were learned at the same speed
D) neither place nor response learning occurred quickly

Question 9

As we learn that particular behaviors lead to particular goals, _____ are established.

A) drives
B) cognitive disciplines
C) expectancies
D) motivational drives

Question 10

A concept common to the theories of both Tolman and Lewin is their belief in _____ as important determinants of behavior.

A) stimulus-response units
B) tension
C) cognitive factors
D) needs

Question 11

The _____ is best explained by Tolman's statement that learning can occur in the absence of any behavioral change, but motivation is necessary for learning to be translated into performance.

A) learning continuum
B) learning-performance distinction
C) cognitive purposive expression
D) learning and performance drive expectation

Question 12

Motivational states that are best explained in terms of rational thought processes are called:

A) reasoned action
B) rational social theories
C) cognitive theories
D) rational thinking

Question 13

According to Tolman, characteristics of molar behavior include all of the following EXCEPT:

A) it is persistently goal-directed
B) it forms a consistent pattern
C) it shows a selectivity of routes
D) it is arranged hierarchically

Question 14

One of Tolman's major contributions to psychology was that:

A) his theory led to greater emphasis on the study of cognitive processes.
B) the usefulness of his theory in making precise predictions
C) his emphasis on strict stimulus-response models
D) his emphasis on individual responses rather than on goals

Question 15

According to expectancy-value theory, motivated behaviors result from the value:

A) a goal has for the individual
B) of a goal as determined by society
C) of previous goals
D) of a need as determined by society

Question 16

Motivated behavior results from the combination of individual needs and the value of the goals available in the environment, according to the basic idea underlying:

A) value and humanistic psychologists
B) expectancy-value theory
C) behavioral expectations approach
D) physiological theory

Question 17

In Lewin's theory, all of the psychological facts that a person is aware of make up the:

A) conscious motivation
B) core region
C) inner boundary
D) psychological environment

Question 18

In Lewin's model, tension can be alleviated through a process in which some particular region of the psychological environment dissipates the tension. This is termed:

A) repression
B) locomotion
C) quasi-need reduction
D) dehydration

Question 19

For Tolman, whether the behavior is of a rat or a human, it is characterized by _____ and _____.

A) purpose; drive
B) cognition; heredity
C) drive; purpose
D) cognition; purpose

Question 20

Lewin argued that human behavior is a function of two major components, the _____ and the _____.

A) learning; performance
B) person; psychological environment
C) force; field
D) gestalt; action

Question 21

In order to calculate the probability of the occurrence of a particular behavior, Rotter provides which of the following formulas?

A) B = f (P + E)
B) B = H x D
C) B = E x V
D) B = Ms x P

Question 22

Murray defined _____ as a recurrent concern for a goal state.

A) internal-external
B) need
C) need for achievement
D) thematic apperception

Question 23

Jim does not study for the test because he believes his grade will just be a matter of luck. Rotter would classify him as a(n) _____ person.

A) internal
B) external
C) situational
D) superstitious

Question 24

According to Murray (1938), the need for achievement involves:

A) always being the best at every task
B) doing a difficult task well and quickly
C) being recognized by winning awards
D) being able to get what you want

Question 25

The technique in which participants are asked to make up a story based on ambiguous pictures is called:

A) locus of control test
B) thematic apperception test
C) sensation seeking scale
D) predictive hypothesis testing

Question 26

According to Rotter, in situations where more than one behavior is possible, we should choose the behavior with the largest combination of:

A) reinforcement and need
B) expected success and value
C) need and opportunity
D) primary and secondary needs

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT one of Rotter's four concepts of expectancy-value in his social learning theory?

A) generalized expectations
B) situational factors
C) subjective estimates
D) information processing

Question 28

A person who scores high on achievement-oriented tasks would probably:

A) perceive an external locus of control
B) perceive an internal locus of control
C) believe him/herself to be controlled by the environment
D) believe that luck or fate determines what happens to him/her

Question 29

Tommy tends to choose tasks that are either very easy or very difficult. According to achievement theory, he probably has a high:

A) motive for success
B) incentive value
C) probability of success
D) motive to avoid failure

Question 30

Sally is most concerned about how her test scores compare to other students. Dweck and Elliot would call her motivation type:

A) learning
B) external
C) performance
D) mastery

Question 31

In general, individuals taking Rotter's test who score high in the ___ direction do not do as well as individuals who score high in the _____ direction.

A) internal; external
B) internal; superstitious
C) external; internal
D) conscientious; unreliable

Question 32

Rotter developed a test that assessed a person's internality-externality called the _____ scale.

A) internality-externality circumstances
B) sensation seeking
C) locus of control
D) reinforcement contingency

Question 33

Linda believes if she studies hard for a test, she will earn a good grade. Rotter would classify her as a(n) _____ individual.

A) external
B) conscientious
C) hard-working
D) internal

Question 34

Which of the following has been used to measure achievement motivation?

A) TAT
B) Stanford-Binet IQ test
C) 16PF
D) MMPI

Question 35

Research on locus of control has found that _____ individuals tend to get lower grades in school, have problems staying on a diet, and fail to comply with medical advice.

A) internal
B) competitive
C) paternalistic
D) external

Question 36

David McClelland and John Atkinson are most closely associated with research on:

A) achievement motivation
B) locus of control
C) internal-external measurement in children
D) sensation seeking

Question 37

Which of the following is NOT a criticism that has been made against need achievement theory?

A) achievement motivation is multidimensional
B) need achievement scores are situational
C) reliability of the TAT is low
D) TAT only predicts female behavior

Question 38

Which of the following is NOT a variable that contributes to the tendency to approach achievement situations?

A) motive for success
B) motive to avoid failure
C) motive for internality
D) probability of success

Question 39

Dweck and Elliot (1983) identified two types of motivational goals, _____ goals (increasing personal competence), and _____ goals (comparing one's own competence with others).

A) mastery; performance
B) personal; social
C) performance; mastery
D) individual; group

Question 40

In Rotter's theory, _____ individuals perceive rewards and punishments as resulting from their own actions, and _____ individuals perceive rewards and punishments as resulting from sources beyond their control.

A) internal; external
B) external; unconscious
C) strong; weak
D) external; internal

Question 41

Researchers see _____, which are positive or negative evaluations of an object, event, or idea, as predictors of behavior.

A) attitudes
B) feelings
C) locus of control
D) extrinsic ideas

Question 42

According to Ajzen, a strong predictor of behavior is one's _____ to perform or not performance a particular action.

A) motivation
B) ability
C) genetic composition
D) intention

Question 43

When working in a group, individuals have the opportunity to slack off based on the expectancy the rest of the group will work hard enough to accomplish the goal. This is called:

A) individual-group difference
B) social loafing
C) group effect
D) reasoned action

Question 44

The observation that individual performance within a group decreases as the number of people in a group increases is known as:

A) the Ringelmann effect
B) the group size effect
C) the social slacking effect
D) the law of effect

Question 45

Research indicates all of the following EXCEPT:

A) the Ringelmann effect was first observed for rope-pulling tasks
B) social loafing is observed in many contexts and cultures
C) the term social loafing has replaced the term Ringelmann effect
D) the Ringelmann effect is measured by the TAT

Question 46

The observation that working collectively provides members of a group the chance to "slack off" based on the expectancy that the rest of the group will do the work is called:

A) the slacker mentality
B) social loafing
C) social slacking
D) social facilitation

Question 47

The theory by Latané and colleagues (1979) that states that performance in a group decreases because the pressure to work is dispersed among members of the group is called the _____ theory.

A) social expectation
B) collective effect
C) locus of control
D) social impact

Question 48

Latané and colleagues (1979) found that groups of participants decreased their effort as the size of the group increased. This finding is called:

A) social loafing
B) group facilitation
C) groupthink
D) social laziness

Question 49

Sam is motivated by factors such as money and scholarships. We might call Sam's motivation:

A) money-motivated
B) locus of control
C) extrinsic
D) performance

Question 50

According to Ajzen, a(n) _____ is what a person thinks to be true, and a(n) _____ is a positive or negative evaluation of something.

A) attitude; prejudice
B) opportunity; requirement
C) belief; attitude
D) attitude; belief