Deck 4: The Impact of Gender and Race-Ethnicity in the Pretrial Release Process

Question 1

_______________ programs are designed to eliminate crime before the crime ever has a chance to take place.

A) Prevention
B) Treatment
C) Reality therapy
D) Operant conditioning

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to your textbook authors, Latessa, Cullen, and Gendreau (2002) noted that the lack of focus on treatment is often guided by what they referred to as "_______________."

A) penal insanity
B) correctional quackery
C) correctional fraud
D) penal charlatanism

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Most treatment programs in the community tend to have more face-to-
Face contacts between treatment providers and participants because:

A) the offender has more options in making contact with helping professionals, and helping professionals have more latitude in aiding offenders since they are able to maintain contact at scheduled and unscheduled points of the day or night
B) prison treatment staff tend to be overloaded with demands from heavy caseloads and are hampered by the restrictions associated with the custodial environment
C) if the offender is not located within a criminogenic region of the community, they are less likely to have routine contact with other offendersffenders
D) All of the above

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Abadinsky (2003) noted that there are multiple key components practiced in social casework, which includes _______________; the gathering and analyzing relevant information upon which a treatment and a supervision plan should be based.

A) assessment
B) evaluation
C) intervention
D) All of the above

Question 5

_______________, a principle of effective correctional intervention, refers to the assessment of offender risk using psychometric instruments of proven predictive validity. The assessment also takes into account the responsivity of offenders to different styles and modes of service.Changes in risk level over time are also routinely assessed.

A) Organizational culture
B) Program implementation/maintenance
C) Management/staff characteristics
D) Client risk/need practices

Question 6

With _______________, a principle of effective correctional intervention, program therapists engage in the following therapeutic practices: anti-criminal modeling, effective enforcement and disapproval, problem-solving techniques, structured learning procedures for skill building, effective use of authority, cognitive self-change, relationship practices, and motivational interviewing.

A) Program characteristics
B) Core correctional practice
C) Inter-agency communication
D) Evaluation

Question 7

Abadinsky (2003) noted that there are multiple key components practiced in social casework, which includes _______________; the implementation of the treatment plan.

A) assessment
B) evaluation
C) intervention
D) All of the above

Question 8

With _______________, a principle of effective correctional intervention, the agency routinely conducts program audits, consumer satisfaction surveys, process evaluation of changes in criminogenic need, and follow-ups of recidivism rates.The effectiveness of the program is evaluated by comparing the respective recidivism rates of risk-control comparison groups of other treatments or those of a minimal treatment group.

A) Program characteristics
B) Core correctional practice
C) Inter-agency communication
D) Evaluation

Question 9

_______________, a principle of effective correctional intervention, refers to the program targeting a wide variety of criminogenic needs (factors that predict recidivism) for change, using empirically valid behavioral/social/learning/cognitive behavioral therapies that are directed to higher-risk offender.

A) Program characteristics
B) Core correctional practice
C) Inter-agency communication
D) Evaluation

Question 10

_______________, a principle of effective correctional intervention, refers to the agency aggressively making referrals and advocates for its offenders in order that they receive high quality services in the community.

A) Program characteristics
B) Core correctional practice
C) Inter-agency communication
D) Evaluation

Question 11

_______________ is based on the notion that all persons have two specific psychological needs: (1) the need to belong and (2) the need for self-worth and recognition.Therapists operating from this theoretical perspective seek to engage the offender in various social groups and to motivate them in achievement-oriented activities.

A) Prevention
B) Treatment
C) Reality therapy
D) Operant conditioning

Question 12

In 1974, the now infamous piece "What Works? Question and Answers About Prison Reform", also known as the _______________ was published in Public Interest.

A) Bentham Report
B) Justice Report
C) Martinson Report
D) Durkheim Report

Question 13

A component practiced in social casework according to Abadinsky (2003) that consists of the organization of facts into a meaningful goal-oriented explanation is _______________.

A) assessment
B) evaluation
C) intervention
D) All of the above

Question 14

In spite of the fact that research continues to be conducted and a growing body of literature demonstrates the necessary principles for effective treatment, many communities still rely on programming such as _______________ that have no empirical support for their effectiveness.

A) punitive oriented programs (e.g., boot camps, scared straight)
B) control-oriented programs (e.g., intensive supervision)
C) non-intervention programs (e.g., labeling theory)
D) All of the above

Question 15

_______________, a principle of effective correctional intervention, refers to the idea that effective organizations have well-defined goals, ethical principles, and a history of efficiently responding to issues that have an impact on the treatment facilities.Staff cohesion, support service training, self-evaluation and use of outside resources also characterize the organization.

A) Organizational culture
B) Program implementation/maintenance
C) Management/staff characteristics
D) Client risk/need practices

Question 16

The principle of effective correctional intervention, ______________, means that the program director and treatment staff are professionally trained and have previous experience working in offender treatment programs.Staff selection is based on their holding beliefs supportive of rehabilitation and relationship styles and therapeutic skill factors typical of effective therapies.

A) organizational culture
B) program implementation/maintenance
C) management/staff characteristics
D) client risk/need practices

Question 17

_______________ programs are designed to decrease the likelihood of crime after a crime or aberrant behavior has been detected and processed.

A) Prevention
B) Treatment
C) Reality therapy
D) Operant conditioning

Question 18

The key in distinguishing between reinforcers and punishments to keep in mind is that reinforcers are intended to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior whereas punishments are intended to decrease the likelihood of an undesired behavior.In _______________, the term positive refers to the addition of a stimulus rather than the notion that something is good or beneficial.Likewise, the term negative refers to the removal of a stimulus rather than being used to denote something that is bad or harmful.

A) prevention
B) treatment
C) reality therapy
D) operant conditioning

Question 19

The principle of effective correctional intervention, ___________________, refers to programs being based on empirically-defined needs as well as consistent with the organization's values.The program is fiscally responsible and congruent with stakeholder's values.Effective programs also are based on thorough reviews of the literature (i.e., meta-analyses), undergo pilot trials, and maintain the staff's professional credentials.

A) organizational culture
B) program implementation/maintenance
C) management/staff characteristics
D) client risk/need practices

Question 20

In describing rehabilitation as the primary function of probation and parole, Abadinsky (2003) noted that there is/are (a) basic theoretical model(s) for rehabilitation in probation and parole.These are:

A) the social casework model
B) the use of reality therapy
C) behavioral and/or learning theory
D) All of the above

Question 21

The goal of Parhar, Wormith, Derkzen, and Beauregard's article is to examine the relationship between the level of treatment coerciveness and treatment
Outcome as measured by treatment _______________.

A) retention and recidivism
B) punishment and deterrence
C) preservation and sentencing
D) retribution and prevention

Question 22

Using multivariate logistic regression, Lowenkamp, Hubbard, Makarios, and Latessa identified the following characteristic(s) most likely to predict recidivism: _______________.

A) age
B) risk category
C) group membership
D) All of the above

Question 23

According to Parhar, Wormith, Derkzen, and Beauregard comparative studies have found that those who are legally mandated to treatment are more likely to stay in treatment longer than those who are not legally mandated to treatment.

A) less
B) equally
C) more
D) None of the above

Question 24

_______________begins from the observation that most psychological problems are present only intermittently.This type of therapy assists the client to notice when symptoms are diminished or absent and use this knowledge as a foundation for recovery.

A) Correctional therapy
B) Behavioral therapy
C) Reality therapy
D) Solution-focused therapy

Question 25

According to Lowenkamp, Hubbard, Makarios, and Latessa, the major principle(s) of effective intervention _______________ is/are designed to provide a blueprint of effective intervention for correctional agencies to follow.

A) risk
B) need
C) responsivity
D) All of the above

Question 26

_______________ is based on the belief that faulty thinking patterns and belief systems cause psychological problems and that changing our thoughts improves our mental and emotional health and results in changes in behavior

A) Correctional therapy
B) Behavioral therapy
C) Reality therapy
D) Solution-focused therapy

Question 27

_______________ holds that long-term change is accomplished through action and that disorders are learned means of behaving that are maladaptive.The premise to this method of intervention is that if the offender practices the new behavior long enough, then feelings will begin to change as well.

A) Correctional therapy
B) Behavioral therapy
C) Reality therapy
D) Solution-focused therapy