Deck 6: Restorative Practices in Instituttional Settings and at Release

Question 1

The issue of _______________ refers to the fact that many probation officers have few options for promotion and feel stuck in their current service capacity.

A) role identity confusion
B) lack of promotional opportunities
C) professional accountability
D) changing or conflicting policies and/or procedures

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Some conditions of probation result in what are often called _______________; actions that do not comply with the conditions and requirements of a probationer's sentence, as articulated by the court that acted as thesentencing authority.They are not necessarily criminal, in and of themselves, and would likely be legal behaviors if the offender were not on probation.

A) prisonization
B) technical violations
C) reintegration
D) privatization

Answer 2

B

Question 3

The competing interests associated with probation have been found to cause a great deal of stress and uncertainty for many supervision officers.Indeed,ambiguity and uncertainty tend to generate stress for most persons because it is simply human nature to desire a sense of control and/or mastery overone's environment.Amidst ambiguous and competing messages, this sense of mastery or security is difficult to achieve.This then leads to a competing
Professional identity among probation officers termed _______________ and is a primary source of burnout among CSOs.

A) role identity confusion
B) lack of promotional opportunities
C) professional accountability
D) changing or conflicting policies and/or procedures

Answer 3

A

Question 4

_______________ probation systems include separate probation services for juveniles who are administered through county or municipal governments or on a statewide basis.

A) Juvenile
B) Municipal
C) County
D) State

Question 5

_______________ is based on the premise that persons experience strain when they are not able to obtain success goals that they desire.These goals can entail money, status, and even relationships.In some cases, persons may resort to criminal activities to alleviate this strain and/or to obtain their desired goal.

A) Rational choice theory
B) Deterrence theory
C) General strain theory (GST)
D) Differential association theory

Question 6

During the period from 1930 through the 1950s, correctional thought reflected what was then referred to as the "_______________," which centered on the use of rehabilitation and treatment of offenders.This model presumed that criminal behavior was caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that were correctable through treatment interventions.

A) medical model
B) conflict model
C) consensus model
D) retribution model

Question 7

The _______________ process allows for the accused to maintain a crime-free record with all rights afforded to citizens.This refers to the defendant being convicted of a crime followed by "the execution of a criminal sanction".

A) recognizance
B) suspended sentence
C) recidivism
D) caseload delivery

Question 8

_______________ is the single most common form of sanction that is used in correctional systems throughout the nation.

A) Probation
B) Incarceration
C) Parole
D) The death penalty

Question 9

The model of _______________ has to do with the process whereby offenders are initially assigned their CSO.This is often determined by the agency size and the number of offenders under the agency's jurisdiction.

A) recognizance
B) suspended sentence
C) recidivism
D) caseload delivery

Question 10

_______________ in the United States is often traced to the case of Commonwealth v.Chase (1830) in which Judge Thacher of Boston, Massachusetts, found a woman named Jerusha Chase guilty of stealing from inside a home.Ms.Chase pleaded her guilt but did have numerous friends that also pleaded for mercy from the court.This resulted in her release "at large" on her own recognizance until which time she was called to appear before the court.

A) Recognizance
B) Suspended sentence
C) Recidivism
D) Caseload delivery

Question 11

_______________ probation systems are governed by laws and/or guidelines established by the state, which empowers a county to operate its own probation agency.

A) Juvenile
B) Municipal
C) County
D) State

Question 12

According to your textbook authors, one way of looking at the success of probation is by analyzing the _______________ rate.

A) recognizance
B) suspended sentence
C) recidivism
D) caseload delivery

Question 13

Probation officers (often also called community supervision officers [CSOs]), quite naturally, supervise those offenders who are placed on some form of probation and tend to spend more time monitoring the activities of these offenders than anything else.Probation officers most frequently maintain this supervision through _______________.

A) personal contact with the offender
B) the offender's family
C) the offender's employer
D) All of the above

Question 14

_______________, a Boston bootmaker, is often recognized as the father of modern probation.

A) John Augustus
B) Jeremy Bentham
C) Emile Durkheim
D) August Comte

Question 15

Within the _______________ probation system, one agency administers a centralized probation system that provides services throughout the
State.

A) Juvenile
B) Municipal
C) County
D) State

Question 16

Kuck (2003) conducted what was perhaps one of the most comprehensive examinations of stress among community supervision personnel to date.In their report to the National Institute of Justice, they found that when considering stress associated with probation, there is/are (s) frequent and severe source(s) of stress:

A) high caseloads
B) excessive paperwork
C) unreasonable deadlines
D) All of the above

Question 17

While administrators will be more removed from the rank-and-file probation officer staff, ________________ is/are thought to offset concerns related to this type of administration.

A) the uniformity of services
B) elimination of widespread disparity in supervision
C) the improved integration of services with other social service agencies
D) All of the above

Question 18

_______________ are criminal offenders who have been sentenced to a period of correctional supervision in the community in lieu of incarceration.

A) Probationers
B) Felons
C) Misdemeanants
D) Death row inmates

Question 19

_______________ probation systems are independent probation agencies that are administered through lower courts or through the municipality itself.

A) Juvenile
B) Municipal
C) County
D) State

Question 20

It wasn't until __________ that Massachusetts passed the first law providing for a paid probation officer.The passage of this law required the individual to report directly to the chief of police.

A) 1778
B) 1808
C) 1878
D) 1908

Question 21

According to Applegate, Smith, Sitren, and Springer, _________________ asserts that offenders alter their perceptions of the relative costs and benefits of committing future crimes based on their experience with punishment.

A) deterrence
B) retribution
C) prison-industrial complex
D) postmodernism theory

Question 22

According to your textbook authors, _______________ tends to exacerbate the underlying causes of criminal behavior.

A) prisonization
B) technical violations
C) reintegration
D) privatization

Question 23

According to Alarid and Schloss, the term _______________ refers to the shifting of public functions and responsibilities either partially or totally to for-profit or nonprofit private organizations.

A) prisonization
B) technical violations
C) reintegration
D) privatization

Question 24

According to Alarid and Schloss, the "_______________" assumed that the continued growth in the correctional system ensures bureaucratic survival.By sentencing a steady supply of prisoners to longer terms of incarceration, the criminal justice system, along with the assistance of private vendors and politicians, ensures its own existence despite a decline in crime rates.

A) deterrence
B) retribution
C) prison-industrial complex
D) postmodernism theory

Question 25

According to Alarid and Schloss, _______________assumes that the government has been unable to adequately control crime or ensure the security of the general public.

A) deterrence
B) retribution
C) prison-industrial complex
D) postmodernism theory