Exam 6: Restorative Practices in Instituttional Settings and at Release

According to your textbook authors, one way of looking at the success of probation is by analyzing the _______________ rate.

_______________ are criminal offenders who have been sentenced to a period of correctional supervision in the community in lieu of incarceration.

_______________ is based on the premise that persons experience strain when they are not able to obtain success goals that they desire.These goals can entail money, status, and even relationships.In some cases, persons may resort to criminal activities to alleviate this strain and/or to obtain their desired goal.

_______________ probation systems are governed by laws and/or guidelines established by the state, which empowers a county to operate its own probation agency.

The issue of _______________ refers to the fact that many probation officers have few options for promotion and feel stuck in their current service capacity.

_______________ probation systems include separate probation services for juveniles who are administered through county or municipal governments or on a statewide basis.

During the period from 1930 through the 1950s, correctional thought reflected what was then referred to as the "_______________," which centered on the use of rehabilitation and treatment of offenders.This model presumed that criminal behavior was caused by social, psychological, or biological deficiencies that were correctable through treatment interventions.

According to your textbook authors, _______________ tends to exacerbate the underlying causes of criminal behavior.

The model of _______________ has to do with the process whereby offenders are initially assigned their CSO.This is often determined by the agency size and the number of offenders under the agency's jurisdiction.

While administrators will be more removed from the rank-and-file probation officer staff, ________________ is/are thought to offset concerns related to this type of administration.

The _______________ process allows for the accused to maintain a crime-free record with all rights afforded to citizens.This refers to the defendant being convicted of a crime followed by "the execution of a criminal sanction".

It wasn't until __________ that Massachusetts passed the first law providing for a paid probation officer.The passage of this law required the individual to report directly to the chief of police.

According to Applegate, Smith, Sitren, and Springer, _________________ asserts that offenders alter their perceptions of the relative costs and benefits of committing future crimes based on their experience with punishment.

The competing interests associated with probation have been found to cause a great deal of stress and uncertainty for many supervision officers.Indeed,ambiguity and uncertainty tend to generate stress for most persons because it is simply human nature to desire a sense of control and/or mastery overone's environment.Amidst ambiguous and competing messages, this sense of mastery or security is difficult to achieve.This then leads to a competing Professional identity among probation officers termed _______________ and is a primary source of burnout among CSOs.

_______________ in the United States is often traced to the case of Commonwealth v.Chase (1830) in which Judge Thacher of Boston, Massachusetts, found a woman named Jerusha Chase guilty of stealing from inside a home.Ms.Chase pleaded her guilt but did have numerous friends that also pleaded for mercy from the court.This resulted in her release "at large" on her own recognizance until which time she was called to appear before the court.

Probation officers (often also called community supervision officers [CSOs]), quite naturally, supervise those offenders who are placed on some form of probation and tend to spend more time monitoring the activities of these offenders than anything else.Probation officers most frequently maintain this supervision through _______________.

Within the _______________ probation system, one agency administers a centralized probation system that provides services throughout the State.

_______________ is the single most common form of sanction that is used in correctional systems throughout the nation.

Kuck (2003) conducted what was perhaps one of the most comprehensive examinations of stress among community supervision personnel to date.In their report to the National Institute of Justice, they found that when considering stress associated with probation, there is/are (s) frequent and severe source(s) of stress:

According to Alarid and Schloss, _______________assumes that the government has been unable to adequately control crime or ensure the security of the general public.