Deck 1: The Ethics of Community-Based Sanctions

Question 1

_______________ is a form of behavioral modification that is based on the notion that certain environmental consequences occur that strengthen the likelihood of a given behavior and that other consequences tend to lessen the likelihood that a given behavior is repeated.

A) Operant conditioning
B) Probation
C) Reality therapy
D) Intensive supervision

Answer 1

A

Question 2

_______________ is viewed as the least severe sanction.This option may be used in conjunction with a suspended sentence and any other options.For this sanction, offenders meet with a specific criminal justice agent periodically, albeit in person or via call-in supervision.

A) Operant conditioning
B) Probation
C) Reality therapy
D) Intensive supervision

Answer 2

B

Question 3

_______________ simply deprives the offender of their liberty and removes them from society with the intent of ensuring that society cannot be further victimized by that offender during the offender's term of incarceration.

A) Deterrence
B) Retribution
C) Rehabilitation
D) Incapacitation

Answer 3

D

Question 4

One of the earliest forms of leniency was known as _______________ which came in two forms-one that was largely secular in nature and the other that had its roots in Christian religion.

A) benefit of clergy
B) judicial reprieve
C) sanctuary
D) recognizance

Question 5

_______________ are unpleasant stimuli that are removed when a desired behavior occurs.

A) Positive reinforcers
B) Negative reinforcers
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment

Question 6

_______________ refers to the removal of a valued stimulus when the offender commits an undesired behavior.

A) Positive reinforcers
B) Negative reinforcers
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment

Question 7

The term _______________ refers to alternatives that allow for offenders to be sentenced to a term of imprisonment and probation to be served at the end of the confinement period rather than being placed on parole.

A) evaluation
B) intervention
C) split sentencing
D) community corrections

Question 8

The term _______________ refers to the process whereby assessment data are incorporated into the planning process to assist in goal setting for the offender.

A) evaluation
B) intervention
C) split sentencing
D) community corrections

Question 9

_______________ are rewards for a desired behavior.

A) Positive reinforcers
B) Negative reinforcers
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment

Question 10

Later, during the last part of the 1700s, it became increasingly common for judges in England to utilize the third alternative method of punishment known as _______________.The use of these was actually at the full discretion of judges, and they were used in cases where judges did not believe that incarceration was proportionate to the crime or in cases where no productive benefit was expected.

A) benefit of clergy
B) judicial reprieve
C) sanctuary
D) recognizance

Question 11

_______________ refers to one where a stimulus is applied to the offender when the offender commits an undesired behavior.

A) Positive reinforcers
B) Negative reinforcers
C) Positive punishment
D) Negative punishment

Question 12

The term _______________ refers to all non-incarcerating correctional sanctions imposed upon an offender for the purposes of reintegrating that offender within the community.

A) evaluation
B) intervention
C) split sentencing
D) community corrections

Question 13

_______________ can be either general or specific. It is general when it is intended to cause vicarious learning whereby observers see that offenders are punished for a given crime and therefore themselves are discouraged from committing a like mannered crime due to fear of similar punishment.It is specific when the punishment is inflicted upon a specific offender in the hope that the particular offender will be discouraged from committing future crimes.

A) Deterrence
B) Retribution
C) Rehabilitation
D) Incapacitation

Question 14

_______________ is often referred to as the "eye for an eye" mentality and simply implies that offenders committing a crime should be punished in a like fashion or in a manner that is commensurate with the severity of the crime that they have committed.In other words, it implies proportionality of punishments to the seriousness of the crime committed.

A) Deterrence
B) Retribution
C) Rehabilitation
D) Incapacitation

Question 15

_______________ is an enhanced version of regular probation.With this option, offenders have increased contacts with their probation officer.Typically, these contacts begin with three to five times a week with regular drug and alcohol screenings.Contacts are diminished as the offender demonstrates success on this option.

A) Operant conditioning
B) Probation
C) Reality therapy
D) Intensive supervision

Question 16

_______________ was an alternative to incarceration that was usually only used with offenders who had committed petty crimes.If the offender violated the terms of this agreement, the binding was claimed by the state, and the offender might then face incarceration or some other form of punishment-often including physical sanctions.

A) benefit of clergy
B) judicial reprieve
C) sanctuary
D) recognizance

Question 17

_______________ implies that an offender should be provided the means to fulfill a constructive level of functioning in society, with an implicit expectation that such offenders will be deterred from reoffending due to their having worthwhile stakes in legitimate society-stakes that they will not wish to lose as a consequence of criminal offending.

A) Deterrence
B) Retribution
C) Rehabilitation
D) Incapacitation

Question 18

_______________ is based on the notion that all persons have two specific psychological needs: (1) the need to belong and (2) the need for self-worth and recognition.Therapists operating from this theoretical perspective seek to engage the offender in various social groups and to motivate them in achievement-oriented activities.Each of these helps meet the two psychological needs that are at the heart of most all human beings.

A) Operant conditioning
B) Probation
C) Reality therapy
D) Intensive supervision

Question 19

The term _______________ involves activities, assignments, and routines that are designed to bring about behavior change in a systematic manner, resulting in goal-directed behavior toward the desired community supervision outcome.

A) evaluation
B) intervention
C) split sentencing
D) community corrections

Question 20

The second early alternative sanction, _______________, was initially a form of exemption to criminal punishment that was provided for clergy in Europe during the 12th century.

A) benefit of clergy
B) judicial reprieve
C) sanctuary
D) recognizance

Question 21

According to Steen and Bandy, _______________ models recognize crime control as the paramount goal of punishment.This type of reasoning does not privilege one form of punishment over another; rather, it advocates for punishment that most effectively and efficiently controls crime.

A) utilitarian
B) punishment
C) panopticon
D) acceptable penal content

Question 22

According to Steen and Bandy, it is the cultural content of _______________, rather than its outcome, that is its defining feature, and cost is not a logical consideration.

A) utilitarian
B) punishment
C) panopticon
D) acceptable penal content

Question 23

In their seminal work, May and Wood, found that there is a need to further examine community-based sanctions as being viewed as "soft" on crime.As illustrated by __________ of participants refusing to serve any time in the community and the mixed results of those who consider it, the overall intrusion in the lives of offenders combined with relatively generous good time and release policies may be worth the gamble to offenders to avoid being supervised in the community.Likewise, those with the greatest bonds to their communities and those with the most to lose if incarcerated appear to be willing to make the sacrifice of serving their sanction in the community and avoiding the stigmatization of serving time behind bars.

A) one fourth
B) one third
C) one half
D) two thirds

Question 24

According to your textbook authors, Abadinsky (2003) noted that there is/are (a) major component(s) practiced in social casework, which is/are:

A) Assessment
B) Evaluation
C) Intervention
D) All of the above

Question 25

Based upon his review of both the proportionality of sanctions and the intrusiveness into the daily lives of individuals, Andrew von Hirsch devised what he termed the _______________.It is within this framework that he argued we should consider both custodial and noncustodial sanctions.

A) utilitarian
B) punishment
C) panopticon
D) acceptable penal content