Deck 6: Fluid,electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances

Question 1

Which of the following is a characteristic of sodium ion?

A) It is a cation.
B) It is present primarily in the intracellular fluid.
C) It shifts out of the blood by active transport.
D) Blood levels are controlled by ADH (antidiuretic hormone).

Answer 1

It is a cation.

Question 2

When many excess hydrogen ions accumulate in the blood,what happens to serum pH? The pH:

A) decreases
B) increases
C) remains constant

Answer 2

decreases

Question 3

Which of the following causes tetany?

A) increased permeability of nerve membranes
B) insufficient calcium in skeletal muscle
C) excess calcium ions inside somatic nerves
D) increased stimulation of the nerves in the cerebral cortex

Answer 3

increased permeability of nerve membranes

Question 4

In which of the following processes is phosphate ion NOT a major component?

A) bone metabolism
B) metabolic processes involving ATP
C) blood clotting
D) acid-base balance

Question 5

Which of the following would result from a deficit of plasma proteins?

A) increased osmotic pressure
B) decreased osmotic pressure
C) increased hydrostatic pressure
D) decreased hydrostatic pressure

Question 6

Choose the correct proportion of water to body weight to be expected in a healthy male adult's body:

A) 30%
B) 45%
C) 60%
D) 70%

Question 7

Which of the following is a typical sign of dehydration?

A) rapid,strong pulse
B) low hematocrit
C) increased urine output
D) rough oral mucosa

Question 8

Which of the following would cause edema?

A) decreased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) increased capillary osmotic pressure
C) decreased capillary permeability
D) increased capillary permeability

Question 9

What is the slowest,but most effective control for acid-base balance?

A) respiratory system
B) buffer systems in the blood
C) kidneys
D) brain

Question 10

Which of the following would likely be related to an elevated hematocrit reading?

A) fluid excess
B) fluid deficit
C) increased sodium level
D) decreased erythrocytes

Question 11

Choose the correct effect of increased parathyroid hormone:

A) increased movement of calcium ions into the bones
B) increased activation of vitamin D
C) increased absorption of calcium from the digestive tract
D) decreased reabsorption of calcium in the kidneys

Question 12

Which of the following is a common effect of both hypokalemia and hyperkalemia?

A) skeletal muscle twitch and cramps
B) oliguria
C) elevated serum pH
D) cardiac arrhythmias

Question 13

Which is the correct effect on the body of abnormally slow respirations?

A) increased carbonic acid
B) decreased carbonic acid
C) increased bicarbonate ion
D) decreased bicarbonate ion

Question 14

Which of the following is essential in order to maintain serum pH within normal range?

A) Carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion must be present in equal quantities.
B) All excess carbonic acid must be excreted by the kidneys.
C) The concentration of bicarbonate ion must remain constant.
D) The ratio of carbonic acid to bicarbonate ion must be 1:20.

Question 15

Which of the following is a common cause of hyponatremia?

A) loss of the thirst mechanism
B) excessive sweating
C) excessive aldosterone secretion
D) prolonged period of rapid,deep respirations

Question 16

Insensible fluid loss refers to water lost through:

A) perspiration only
B) feces only
C) perspiration and expiration
D) urine and feces

Question 17

Choose the correct proportion of blood (to body weight)in an adult male's body:

A) 30%
B) 20%
C) 10%
D) 4%

Question 18

Which of the following would be considered normal serum pH?

A) 4.5-8
B) 7.0
C) 7.4
D) 8

Question 19

When the osmotic pressure of the blood is elevated above normal,water would shift from the:

A) blood into the cells
B) interstitial compartment into the cells
C) interstitial compartment into the blood
D) cells into the interstitial compartment

Question 20

Which of the following terms refers to a combination of decreased circulating blood volume combined with excess fluid in a body cavity?

A) dehydration
B) third-spacing
C) hypovolemia
D) water retention

Question 21

The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system helps maintain serum pH.The balance of the carbonic acid and bicarbonate ion levels are controlled by the:

A) liver and pancreas
B) lungs and kidneys
C) lungs and plasma proteins
D) kidneys and bone marrow

Question 22

Hypocalcemia causes weak cardiac contractions because:

A) permeability of nerve membranes increases
B) insufficient calcium ions are available for muscle contraction
C) low phosphate ion levels prevent muscle contraction
D) excessive amounts of calcium are stored in cardiac muscle

Question 23

An anxiety attack often causes hyperventilation leading to:

A) increased Pco₂
B) decreased Pco₂
C) respiratory acidosis
D) metabolic acidosis

Question 24

A prolonged state of metabolic acidosis often leads to:

A) hypokalemia
B) hyperkalemia
C) hyponatremia
D) hypercalcemia

Question 25

Which two ions are most important in acid-base balance in the body?

A) K⁺,Na⁺
B) Cl^- and HCO₃^-
C) Ca⁺⁺,Na⁺
D) Na⁺,Cl^-

Question 26

What does acidosis cause?

A) CNS hyperexcitability and nervousness
B) hypokalemia
C) CNS depression and drowsiness
D) hypernatremia

Question 27

Which condition is likely to cause metabolic acidosis?

A) slow,shallow respirations
B) prolonged diarrhea
C) mild vomiting
D) excessive fluid in the body

Question 28

Young infants are more vulnerable to serious dehydration because of their:

A) decreased body surface area and insensible fluid loss
B) limited renal compensation
C) decreased proportion of fluid to body weight
D) slower metabolic rate

Question 29

Alkalosis increases irritability and spontaneous stimulation of nerves by:

A) blocking normal nerve conduction
B) increasing the permeability of nerve membranes
C) blocking movement of calcium ions
D) depressing inhibitory actions

Question 30

In patients with impaired expiration associated with emphysema,effective compensation for the acid-base imbalance would be:

A) increased rate and depth of respiration
B) decreased rate and depth of respiration
C) increased urine pH and decreased serum bicarbonate
D) decreased urine pH and increased serum bicarbonate

Question 31

When excessive lactic acid accumulates in the body,serum:

A) bicarbonate ion levels decrease
B) bicarbonate ion levels increase
C) carbonic acid levels increase
D) pH increases

Question 32

Compensation for respiratory system depression due to anesthesia and sedation would be:

A) decreased reabsorption of bicarbonate ions in the kidneys
B) increased secretion of hydrogen ions into the filtrate
C) increased respiratory rate and depth
D) increased renin secretion

Question 33

Prolonged diarrhea results in:

A) loss of fluid and bicarbonate ions leading to metabolic acidosis
B) increased fluid and serum bicarbonate ions leading to metabolic acidosis
C) loss of chloride ions only,leading to metabolic alkalosis
D) surplus bicarbonate ions,leading to respiratory alkalosis

Question 34

Compensation mechanisms in the body for dehydration would include:

A) increased ADH
B) decreased aldosterone
C) slow,strong heart contraction
D) peripheral vasodilation

Question 35

Strenuous physical exercise on a hot day is likely to result in:

A) hypokalemia
B) hypernatremia
C) hyperchloremia
D) hypovolemia

Question 36

Which of the following is a manifestation of respiratory alkalosis?

A) bradycardia
B) drowsiness
C) muscle twitches
D) decreased urine pH

Question 37

What would a serum pH of 7.33 in a patient with kidney disease indicate?

A) metabolic alkalosis
B) metabolic acidosis
C) respiratory alkalosis
D) respiratory acidosis

Question 38

Which serum value indicates decompensated metabolic acidosis?

A) pH is below normal range
B) pH is above normal range
C) bicarbonate level decreases
D) bicarbonate level increases

Question 39

Which acid-base imbalance results from impaired expiration due to emphysema?

A) metabolic acidosis
B) metabolic alkalosis
C) respiratory acidosis
D) respiratory alkalosis

Question 40

In the initial stage,vomiting results in:

A) metabolic acidosis
B) metabolic alkalosis
C) respiratory alkalosis
D) None of the above are correct.

Question 41

Which of the following is the primary control of serum Na+ levels?

A) ADH
B) aldosterone
C) serum H+ levels
D) serum K+ levels

Question 42

The control centre for thirst is located in the:

A) kidneys
B) thalamus
C) medulla
D) hypothalamus