Which of the Following Formulas Is Not a Valid Characterization

Multiple Choice

Which of the following formulas is not a valid characterization of producer surplus?

A) Total revenue - the sum of marginal costs
B) Profit + fixed costs
C) Profit - marginal costs
D) Total revenue - (total costs- fixed costs)
E) (P -MC₁) + (P - MC₂) + (P -MC₃) + J + (P -MC_Q) , where Q = quantity produced and sold