Which of These Would Result in an Increase in the Osmolarity

Multiple Choice

Which of these would result in an increase in the osmolarity of urine?

A) increased levels of vasopressin in the plasma
B) increased levels of aldosterone in the plasma
C) decreased transport of Na⁺ and Cl^- by the ascending limb of the loop of Henle
D) ingestion of a large volume of pure water
E) decreased urea permeability of the medullary collecting duct