Alex,a Below-Average Student,cheats in His Exams

Multiple Choice

Alex,a below-average student,cheats in his exams.His teachers catch him cheating and question him.He, however,justifies his act and argues that most students cheat in their exams but are not caught.Which of the following psychological phenomena best exemplifies Alex's attitude?

A) the false uniqueness effect
B) cognitive dissonance
C) the false consensus effect
D) defensive pessimism