Rifka Takes Two Tests for Which She Studies Equally Hard

Multiple Choice

Rifka takes two tests for which she studies equally hard. She gets an A on one and a D on the other. She explains that she got the A because she is "smart" in that subject and got the D because the test was unfair and too difficult. Rifka's explanation is best thought of as an example of:

A) the contrast effect.
B) the actor-observer bias.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) the self-serving bias.