In a Series of Experiments, Steele and Aronson (1995) Had

Multiple Choice

In a series of experiments, Steele and Aronson (1995) had both African-American and Anglo-American students at Stanford University take a verbal test. In one condition, the test was described as a valid measure of intelligence, and in the other condition, the test was described as neither a reliable nor valid measure of intelligence. In the former condition, African Americans performed more poorly than did Anglo Americans because

A) African Americans were overwhelmed by a fear of success.
B) African Americans experienced stereotype threat.
C) Anglo Americans were determined that African Americans would not "outscore" them.
D) African Americans shared the cultural stereotype.