Which of the Following Has NOT Contributed to the Decreasing

Multiple Choice

Which of the following has NOT contributed to the decreasing birth rates in Russia and the post-Soviet states during the Soviet era and afterward?

A) family matriarchs aging rapidly and requiring their daughters and daughters-in-law to care for them rather than have children
B) retirement pensions
C) severe housing shortages
D) increased opportunities for women to become educated and work outside the home