Three of the Following Statements Reflect Contemporary Perspectives of Instrumental

Multiple Choice

Three of the following statements reflect contemporary perspectives of instrumental conditioning and reinforcement. Which one does not?

A) Punishment has a more pronounced effect on behavior than reinforcement does.
B) Behavior can sometimes be better understood if we look at complex environmental conditions rather than at simple, specific stimuli.
C) Instrumental conditioning can more adequately be explained when we talk about mental processes as well as observable events.
D) Any single consequence may be more or less reinforcing depending on a learner's particular motives at the time.