Vance Is Quite Surprised to Hear That His Friend Adam

Multiple Choice

Vance is quite surprised to hear that his friend Adam has been caught shoplifting, as he has always thought of Adam as someone who is honest, law-abiding, and respectful of others' rights and possessions. "There must be a logical explanation for why Adam was seen shoplifting," Vance thinks to himself, "and I won't rest until I find out what it is." Vance's motivation can best be explained using the concept of:

A) cognitive dissonance
B) state anxiety
C) need for relatedness
D) optimal level of arousal