The Policy of Affirmative Action Arose When

Multiple Choice

The policy of affirmative action arose when

A) it became apparent that disadvantaged Americans would not attain equal employment through the 1964 Civil Rights Act alone or through individual lawsuits.
B) the Supreme Court declared in Bakke that the Fourteenth Amendment requires government and large firms to hire more women and minorities.
C) the Supreme Court ruled that de facto discrimination is unlawful.
D) private firms decided on their own that a more diverse workforce was actually a more productive and effective workforce.
E) the Supreme Court rendered its Adarand v.Peña decision in 1995.