A Patient Has Hard, Nonpitting Edema of the Left Lower

Multiple Choice

A patient has hard, nonpitting edema of the left lower leg and ankle. The right leg has no edema. When interpreting these findings, what should the nurse recall?

A) Alterations in arterial function will cause edema.
B) Nonpitting, hard edema occurs with lymphatic obstruction.
C) Phlebitis of a superficial vein will cause bilateral edema.
D) Long-standing arterial obstruction will cause pitting edema.