SparklingLeaves Is One of the Major Suppliers of Automobile Tools

Multiple Choice

SparklingLeaves is one of the major suppliers of automobile tools to StanMotors, a leading automobile company. Many of the tools are customized to meet the specific needs of StanMotors and hence have little other value. In return, StanMotors has agreed to make SparklingLeaves its sole supplier of automobile equipment for a period of 15 years. This scenario illustrates:

A) horizontal integration.
B) a credible commitment.
C) competitive bidding.
D) vertical integration.
E) parallel sourcing.