In the Drake Equation for Estimating the Possible Number of Technically

Multiple Choice

In the Drake equation for estimating the possible number of technically advanced civilizations in our Galaxy,the factor for the rate at which solar-type stars form in a galaxy excludes massive stars with masses greater than about 1.5 times that of the Sun.Why?

A) Such stars never develop a nuclear furnace in their interiors and hence can never heat any planet sufficiently to sustain life.
B) These stars would never develop nuclear processes that could produce heavy elements (e.g. ,iron) for ejection outward to form planets such as Earth.
C) Such stars are prone to repeated and violent supernova explosions,which would destroy any developing life forms.
D) Such stars have lifetimes shorter than it took for intelligent life to develop on Earth,and hence should probably not be considered.