Recall That Cialdini and His Colleagues (1990) Found That Students

Multiple Choice

Recall that Cialdini and his colleagues (1990) found that students were least likely to toss handbills to the floor when there was a piece of discarded watermelon rind on the floor, compared to experimental conditions in which the floor was completely free of litter or when handbills were already scattered on the floor. One single piece of watermelon rind significantly reduced littering because it served to remind participants of __________.

A) descriptive norms
B) injunctive norms
C) littering as a social dilemma
D) the time and money costs to remove litter