In a Series of Experiments, Steele and Aronson (1995) Had

Multiple Choice

In a series of experiments, Steele and Aronson (1995) had both African-American and White students at Stanford University take a verbal test. In one condition, the test was described as a valid measure of intelligence, and in the other condition, the test was described as neither a reliable nor valid measure of intelligence. In the former condition, African Americans performed more poorly than did White students because __________.

A) African American students were overwhelmed by a fear of success
B) African American students experienced social identity threat
C) White students were determined that African American students would not "outscore" them
D) African American students shared the cultural stereotype