Keisha Is a 35-Year-Old African-American Woman Who Is Depressed

Multiple Choice

Keisha is a 35-year-old African-American woman who is depressed.Her presenting concerns include marital distress,the imminent possibility of losing her job,overeating,and chain-smoking.As you listen to her story,you begin to construct a picture of her developmental history.Which of these explanations would someone using a stage theory of development be most likely to offer for Keisha's problems?

A) Keisha's difficulties most likely developed through the interaction of her family experiences and societal conditions like poverty and racism.
B) Keisha's problems are most likely related to insufficient emotional gratification during infancy when oral needs are paramount.
C) Keisha's problems are most likely related to lack of appropriate models of effective marital communication.
D) Keisha has experienced reward from her eating and smoking habits,and so she seeks these rewards in stressful situations.