From the 1850s Until the 1960s, the Only Real Management

Multiple Choice

From the 1850s until the 1960s, the only real management information system was the organizational hierarchy. Which of the following best describes this system?

A) Managers used the railroads to travel to headquarters on a semiannual basis in order to report in to company leadership regarding the activities of employees.
B) A multi-tiered structure of reporting levels and system checks provided for a regular flow of information between managers and employees.
C) Telegraph lines connected offices in various cities, making it possible for railroad superintendents and other leadership to receive real-time information.
D) Reports went up the management chain, then decisions were made at the top and relayed back down the chain to employees.