The Risk of Hypovolemic Shock Is High with Acute Mesenteric

Multiple Choice

The risk of hypovolemic shock is high with acute mesenteric arterial insufficiency because:

A) the resulting liver failure causes a deficit of plasma proteins and a loss of oncotic pressure.
B) ischemia alters mucosal membrane permeability, and fluid loss occurs.
C) massive bleeding occurs in the GI tract.
D) overstimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system results in ischemic injury to the intestinal wall.