When a Subject Variable Is Used as an Independent Variable

Multiple Choice

When a subject variable is used as an independent variable and differences occur between groups on the dependent measure, what can be concluded?

A) the independent variable caused the differences to occur, assuming there are no confounds
B) the two groups performed differently
C) in this case, the subject variable must be a dependent variable, not an independent variable
D) because a subject variable is being used, nothing at all can be concluded