According to APA Guidelines, When Is It Considered Appropriate to Deceive

Multiple Choice

According to APA guidelines, when is it considered appropriate to deceive participants about the true purpose of the study?

A) never
B) only when debriefing is excluded (therefore participants won't need to discover that they have been deceived)
C) only when the subjects are nonhuman
D) only when the research hypothesis could not be tested in any other way