A Confounding Variable in a Research Design Is

Multiple Choice

A confounding variable in a research design is:

A) an unintended independent variable that covaries with an intended independent variable.
B) dependent on using a lie detector in order to eliminate possible false descriptions.
C) a procedure used to sort out information and create results that are high in validity.
D) a bonus researchers are happy to see because it is often an unexpected benefit of conducting research.