How Does the Urinary System Contribute to Osteoporosis

Multiple Choice

How does the urinary system contribute to osteoporosis?

A) Lack of exposure to sunlight increases vitamin D production at the kidneys and decreases calcium absorption.
B) Immune cells of the kidneys absorb excess calcium under the direction of PTH.
C) Excessive smoking lowers calcitriol levels, which decreases bone loss.
D) Calcium ions released from the bones are excreted as part of urine.
E) Decreased estrogen levels following menopause contribute to the disease.