PART a If Champagne Contains Alcohol, Then Minors Should Avoid $\begin{array} { l }\text { If } C \text { then } M \text {. }\\ \text { M}\\ \hline\text { C}\\\end{array}$

Essay

PART A If champagne contains alcohol, then minors should avoid it, so champagne contains alcohol, because minors should avoid it.
The form of this argument is: a. $\begin{array} { l }\text { If } C \text { then } M \text {. }\\ \text { M}\\ \hline\text { C}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array} { l }\text { If } C \text { then } M \text {. }\\ \text {C }\\ \hline\text { M}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text { M}\\ \text {C }\\ \hline\text {\text { If } C \text { then } M \text {. } }\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text { All C are M.}\\ \text {All A are M. }\\ \text {All C are A. }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array} { l } \text { C are M.}\\ \text { M}\\ \text {C }\\\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) C = Napoleon was killed in a plane crash, M = Napoleon is alive.
B) C = cats, M = mammals.
C) C = Albert was killed in a car accident; M = Albert is dead.
D) C = cats, A = dogs, M = mammals.
E) C = Benjamin Franklin was killed in a plane crash; M = Benjamin Franklin is dead.