PART a If Auditors Botch Their Job, Then Investors Are

Essay

PART A If auditors botch their job, then investors are misled. Hence, if investors are misled, then public confidence is eroded, because if auditors botch their job, then public confidence is eroded.
The form of this argument is: a. $\begin{array} { l } \text { If \( I \) then \( \mathrm{P} \).}\\ \text {\text { If } A \text { then } P }\\ \hline\text { \text { If } A \text { then } I }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array}{l}\text { If } A \text { then I. } \\\text { If I then } P \text {. } \\\hline\text { If } A \text { then } P \text {. }\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( A \) then I. }\\ \text {\(\text { If } A \text { then } P \text {. }\) }\\ \hline\text {\(\text { If I then P. }\) }\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All A are P}\\ \text { All A are I.}\\ \text {All I are P. }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array} { l } \text { No A are I.}\\ \text {No I are \( P \). }\\ \text { No \( A \) are \( P \).}\\\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) A = Scarlett Johansson is a lawyer; I = Scarlett Johansson is a human; P = Scarlett Johansson can represent clients in court.
B) A = Ben Affleck is an actor, I = Ben Affleck is well known, P = Ben Affleck is a human.
C) A = cats, P = mammals, I = animals.
D) A = dogs, I = fish, P = mammals.
E) A = candy is sweet, I = lemons are sour, P = sea water is salty.