PART a If Deficits Increase Then the Economy Will Stagnate $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( D \) then \( E \). }\\ \text {If \( D \) then I. }\\ \hline\text { If I then E.}\\\end{array}$

Essay

PART A If deficits increase then the economy will stagnate. Thus, if deficits increase, then interest rates will rise, because if interest rates rise, then the economy will stagnate.
Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( D \) then \( E \). }\\ \text {If \( D \) then I. }\\ \hline\text { If I then E.}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( D \) then \( \mathrm{I} \). }\\ \text { If I then \( \mathrm{E} \).}\\ \hline\text { If \( D \) then \( E \).}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text { If \( D \) then I.}\\ \text {If D then E. }\\ \hline\text { If I then \( E \).}\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text { If \( \mathrm{D} \) then \( \mathrm{E} \). }\\ \text { If \( E \) then I. }\\ \text {If \( D \) then \( I \). }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( D \) then \( E \). }\\ \text { If I then \( E \).}\\ \text { If \( D \) then I.}\\\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) D = Tom Hanks is a man, E = Tom Hanks is a human, I = Tom Hanks is a woman.
B) D = dogs, I = mammals, E = animals.
C) D = Bob is a physician, E = Bob is a professional, I = Bob is a doctor.
D) D = dogs, E = animals, I = cats.
E) D = Halle Berry is an actor, E = Halle Berry is a woman, I = Halle Berry is a human.