PART a All Evangelicals Are Political Conservatives, So Some Fundamentalists $\begin{array} { l } \text {All \( P \) are \( E \). }\\ \text { Some P are F.}\\ \text { Some \( F \) are \( E \).}\\\end{array}$

Essay

PART A All evangelicals are political conservatives, so some fundamentalists are evangelicals, since some fundamentalists are political conservatives.
Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All \( P \) are \( E \). }\\ \text { Some P are F.}\\ \text { Some \( F \) are \( E \).}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array} { l } \text {Some \( F \) are \( P \). }\\ \text { Some F are E.}\\ \text { All E are P }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text { All E are \( \mathrm{H} \).}\\ \text { Some F are E .}\\ \text { Some \( F \) are \( P \).}\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text {All E are P. }\\ \text {\text { Some } F \text { are } P \text {. } }\\ \hline\text { \text { Some } F \text { are } E \text {. }}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array}{l}\text { Some } F \text { are } P . \\\text { Some } F \text { are } E \text {. } \\\hline\text { All } P \text { are } E\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) E = fish, P = mammals, F = animals.
B) E = dogs, P = animals, F = mammals.
C) E = dogs, P = animals, F = cats.
D) E = birds, P = dogs, F = fish.
E) E = animals, P = cats, F = fish.