PART a If Music Pirating Continues, Then Property Rights Are

Essay

PART A If music pirating continues, then property rights are ignored. Thus, if property rights are ignored, then recording artists will be cheated, because if music pirating continues, then recording artists will be cheated.
Which of the following correctly expresses the form of this argument? a. $\begin{array} { l } \text { If \( M \) then \( P \)}\\ \text { If \( P \) then \( R \). }\\ \hline\text { If MI then \( \mathrm{R} \) }\\\end{array}$$\quad$ b. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( P \) then \( R \). }\\ \text { If \( \mathrm{M} \) than \( \mathrm{P} \).}\\ \hline\text { If \( M \) then \( R \).}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ c. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If \( \mathrm{R} \) then \( \mathrm{M} \). }\\ \text { If } P \text { then M. }\\ \hline\text {\text { If } P \text { then } R \text {. } }\\\end{array}$

d. $\begin{array} { l } \text {If Mthen \( P \). }\\ \text { If M then \( R \). }\\ \text { If \( P \) then \( R \).}\\\end{array}$$\quad$ e. $\begin{array} { l } \text { If \( \mathrm{R} \) then \( \mathrm{P} \).}\\ \text { If M then \( P \).}\\ \text {If M then \( \mathrm{R} \). }\\\end{array}$ PART B
Which of the following substitutions proves the argument invalid?
A) M = Neil Armstrong has walked on the moon, P = Neil Armstrong is a human, R = Neil Armstrong is an astronaut.
B) M = Kim Kardashian has walked on the moon, P = Kim Kardashian is a human, R = Kim Kardashian is an astronaut.
C) M = Beyoncé records albums, P = Beyoncé is a singer, R = Beyoncé is a human.
D) M = Nicole Kidman programs computers, P = Ben Affleck sells fertilizer, R = Jennifer Lopez raises elephants.
E) M = Bradley Cooper stars in movies, P = Bradley Cooper is an actor, R = Bradley Cooper is a human.