Ramon Determines That in His Neighborhood "Amount of Ice Cream

Multiple Choice

Ramon determines that in his neighborhood "amount of ice cream consumed" and "number of violent crimes" are positively correlated -- the more ice cream consumed, the more crimes are committed. He concludes that something in ice cream leads people to commit violent crimes. What has Ramon overlooked?

A) the "third variable" problem as some other variable could lead to an increase in both ice cream consumption and violent crime
B) the reactive effect as the people in his neighborhood were probably aware that he was observing them, and altered their behavior toward what they thought he wanted to see
C) his observations are qualitative and therefore inappropriate
D) he collected his data only after-the-fact