Program Evaluators Seek to Estimate the Causal Effect of a Program

Multiple Choice

Program evaluators seek to estimate the causal effect of a program (X) on an outcome (Y) using observational datA .The evaluators attempt to adjust their estimate for common causes (Z) that influence both X and Y .In this evaluation, the common causes (Z) are best described as

A) Intervening variables
B) Independent variables
C) Control variables
D) All of the above