Question 1

A recent study by Nelson and Russell (2011) tested 3-to-5-year-olds' ability to recognize happiness, sadness, anger, and fearfulness in three conditions (face-only, voice-only, body posture-only). Results showed that children were most successful at recognizing emotions in the _________ condition and least successful in the _________ condition.

Accepted Answer

A)  face-only; body posture-only 
B)  face-only; voice-only 
C)  voice-only; face-only 
D)  body posture-only; face-only B

Question 2

Evidence suggests that newborn babies experience the following emotional states:

Accepted Answer

A)  distress, general pleasure, disgust. 
B)  fear, anger, happiness. 
C)  irritability, happiness, fear. 
D)  pain, pleasure, curiosity. A

Question 3

The idea that infants start out with two basic emotion states and that more emotions emerge later during development, perhaps as a result of changes in hedonic tone and general arousal is consistent with which one of the following theories?

Accepted Answer

A)  natural kinds theory 
B)  differential emotions theory 
C)  differentiation theory 
D)  the functionalist view B

Question 4

The largest growth of fear expressions occurs between ______________ of age. This rate is moderated by mothers' level of sensitivity, such that having a more sensitive mother is associated with a _____ rate of increase in fear over time.

Accepted Answer

A)  birth and 2 months; slower. 
B)  4 and 12 months; slower. 
C)  birth and 2 months; faster. 
D)  4 and 12 months; faster.

Question 5

Based on the mirror-rouge paradigm, a child who detects a mark of rouge on their face would be predicted to:

Accepted Answer

A)  show embarrassment and empathy. 
B)  show embarrassment but not empathy. 
C)  show empathy but not embarrassment. 
D)  show neither embarrassment nor empathy.

Question 6

There are developmental changes in the kinds of events that elicit specific emotions. Four and five year olds tend to fear ___________________ whereas adolescents tend to fear __________________.

Accepted Answer

A)  sudden movements and unfamiliar toys; bodily injury and physical danger. 
B)  the possibility of abandonment; the possibility of academic failure. 
C)  imaginary things like monsters; socially compromising situations. 
D)  loud noises and new foods; new people and places.

Question 7

Pride and guilt are examples of _________ emotions. These emotions begin to emerge in children who are ______ years of age.

Accepted Answer

A)  self-conscious; 2 to 3 
B)  self-conscious; 1 to 2 
C)  self-conscious evaluative; 2 to 3 
D)  self-conscious evaluative; 1 to 2

Question 8

The negativity bias is:

Accepted Answer

A)  a tendency to be more sensitive to unpleasant stimuli compared to pleasant stimuli. 
B)  common in adolescence and all but absent in early childhood and adulthood. 
C)  unlikely to occur unless children are exposed to negative affect and witness negative social interactions early in life. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 9

The idea that we have basic emotions that are based on hardwired systems that mature during development on a kind of developmental timetable is fundamental to which one of the following theories?

Accepted Answer

A)  natural kinds theory 
B)  differential emotions theory 
C)  differentiation theory 
D)  the functionalist view

Question 10

Social referencing is:

Accepted Answer

A)  when one makes an upwards comparison by contrasting themselves with a high-performing peer. 
B)  when one makes a downwards comparison by contrasting themselves with a low-performing peer. 
C)  the ability to cooperate and work in a group. 
D)  the ability to use the emotional displays of others to guide one's own behavior.

Question 11

According to the _________________, emotional development takes place as children establish new goal states and new ways of evaluating emotional events, and as their relationships with others change over time.

Accepted Answer

A)  natural kinds theory 
B)  differential emotions theory 
C)  differentiation theory 
D)  functionalist view

Question 12

One method of regulating emotions is cognitive change, which is when:

Accepted Answer

A)  an undesired emotional reaction is punished and a desired emotional reaction is rewarded. 
B)  social modelling is used to teach children how to act given different emotional states. 
C)  an emotionally charged situation is reappraised. 
D)  one disengages from an emotionally upsetting event and effortfully shifts one's cognitive attention elsewhere.

Question 13

Bennett and colleagues (2005) used an arm restraint condition to elicit emotional expressions from 4 and 12 month old infants. Four and 12 month olds were similar in that the most common emotion that they expressed was _______. As for angry expressions, 4 month olds differed from 12 month olds because the 4 month olds expressed anger _______________.

Accepted Answer

A)  fear; mostly through yelling whereas the 12 month olds tended to struggle when angry. 
B)  joy; mostly through yelling whereas the 12 month olds tended to struggle when angry. 
C)  fear; less often than the 12 month olds. 
D)  joy; less often than the 12 month olds.

Question 14

The approximate temporal onset of regulatory processes described in Chapter 8 describes ________ as occurring prior to _________.

Accepted Answer

A)  attentional control; response inhibition. 
B)  self-directed calming; theory-of-mind. 
C)  soliciting of assistance from others; self-distraction and re-appraisal. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 15

There is a key developmental milestone that seems to enable the experience and expression of anger in children. To feel and express anger children must:

Accepted Answer

A)  be able to imitate other people's actions. 
B)  have means-end knowledge. 
C)  have the cognitive capacity to compare a potentially threatening event with similar events in memory. 
D)  have developed a theory-of-mind.

Question 16

The development of ________________________ allows for experiences of empathy and embarrassment.

Accepted Answer

A)  means-end knowledge 
B)  memory capacity 
C)  consciousness and mentalizing abilities 
D)  patience and observational skills

Exam 8: Development of Emotions in Childhood