Question 1

Epidemiological studies have shown that males and females differ in terms of emotion-based disorders. Specifically:

Accepted Answer

A)  Externalizing problems are more commonly observed in males than females, a gender difference that persists from early childhood through adolescence. 
B)  Internalizing problems are more commonly observed in females than males, a gender difference that persists from early childhood through adolescence. 
C)  In general, behavioral disturbances of boys are observed at an early age, whereas some of the emotional disturbances of females become noticeable only at later ages. 
D)  All of the above. D

Question 2

Research assessing the developmental trajectories of conduct problems reveals that individuals who experience adolescent-onset conduct problems tend to experience a slight reduction in symptoms as they enter adulthood. Their delinquency seems to be driven largely by:

Accepted Answer

A)  family adversity. 
B)  associating with deviant peers. 
C)  neurophysiological abnormalities that emerge in adolescence. 
D)  poverty. B

Question 3

Children with internalizing problems struggle to reappraise difficult situations in a positive light, and this contributes to depression and anxiety. This observation was used as evidence for which of the following explanations of emotion-based disorders in children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Emotion-based disorders are due to an imbalance among emotions. 
B)  Children with emotion-based disorders react to events with atypical emotional responses. 
C)  Psychological patterns that are viewed as disordered by society actually reflect strategic adaptations to negative environments that children have experienced. 
D)  Children with emotion-based disorders are poor emotion regulators. D

Question 4

Bradley and Corwyn (2002) have argued that socioeconomic status influences development in three ways which include ______________. Researchers would suggest that of these three pathways, __________ may be the most important link between emotion-based disorders and socioeconomic conditions.

Accepted Answer

A)  inequitable allocation of resources, stress reactions, and health behaviors; stress reactions. 
B)  inequitable allocation of resources, stress reactions, and health behaviors; inequitable allocation of resources. 
C)  lack of health care, environmental hazards, and substance abuse; environmental hazards. 
D)  lack of health care, environmental hazards, and substance abuse; lack of health care.

Question 5

All but which one of the following is one of the three assumptions made by the medical model when it is applied to psychopathology in children?

Accepted Answer

A)  problems are discrete and well-differentiated from normal functioning. 
B)  problems are able to be assessed using quantitative methods. 
C)  there is a specific and recognized etiology and corresponding treatment for certain disorders. 
D)  the course of illness is similar across children who suffer from a given disorder.

Question 6

Collective efficacy is:

Accepted Answer

A)  the combined ability of a child's parents to care for them. 
B)  a general measure of a child's emotional and intellectual maturity. 
C)  the extent to which a community monitors, trusts, and shares its values with its youth. 
D)  a measure of how well the educators in a school contribute to a child's general well-being.

Question 7

Children with internalizing problems tend to have a depressogenic style of appraisal. This observation was used as evidence for which of the following explanations of emotion-based disorders in children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Emotion-based disorders are due to an imbalance among emotions. 
B)  Children with emotion-based disorders react to events with atypical emotional responses. 
C)  Psychological patterns that are viewed as disordered by society actually reflect strategic adaptations to negative environments that children have experienced. 
D)  Children with emotion-based disorders are poor emotion regulators.

Question 8

Which of the following is true about externalizing disorders in children?

Accepted Answer

A)  Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder is a form of internalizing disorder. 
B)  Eating disorders and substance abuse are key symptoms of externalizing disorders. 
C)  Disruptive behavior is characteristic of externalizing disorders. 
D)  It is rare for children to experience both externalizing and internalizing forms of psychopathology.

Question 9

Research about differential parenting has concluded that high levels of differential parenting impact children in which of the following ways?

Accepted Answer

A)  Favored children come to feel greater love for their parents than unfavored children. 
B)  Favored and unfavored children will show equally high levels of disturbance. 
C)  The further apart in age the favored and unfavored children are, the more jealous the unfavored children feel. 
D)  Female children are more likely to be favored than male children.

Question 10

Temperamental traits represent one of the ways that researchers think about the biological underpinnings of emotion-based disorders. Bates and colleagues argue for a tripartite model of problematic temperaments consisting of all but which one of the following parts?

Accepted Answer

A)  "sensitivity-emotionality" 
B)  "irritability-difficultness" 
C)  "behavioral inhibition-fearfulness" 
D)  "impulsivity-unmanageability"

Question 11

The proportion of a population who suffer from some disorder over a particular time period describes:

Accepted Answer

A)  frequency 
B)  incidence 
C)  prevalence 
D)  diffusion

Question 12

Romanian orphans have been intensely studied because they are a group of children who were raised in orphanages without the opportunity to develop attachment relationships. After the fall of the Ceausescu regime in 1989, many of these children were adopted into British families. When compared to noninstitutionalized children, Romanian orphans tended to demonstrate which of the following behaviors once they had been adopted?

Accepted Answer

A)  indiscriminate friendliness 
B)  high levels of internalizing symptoms 
C)  a wariness of strangers 
D)  low levels of positive emotion

Question 13

According to Bronfenbrenner's (1979, 2005) bioecological model of human development, children are influenced by proximal factors which include:

Accepted Answer

A)  their culture 
B)  the school they attend 
C)  their relationships with family and friends. 
D)  their personality

Question 14

The Triple-P (Positive Parenting Program) is a(n) ____________ approach in that it ___________.

Accepted Answer

A)  integrative; provides intervention along a tiered continuum of increasing intensity and specificity. 
B)  universal; provides parenting information in the form of print and electronic media to the entire population. 
C)  targeted; involves specific skills training to treat problems in at-risk children, as well as providing support to help parents deal with family-level stressors. 
D)  all of the above.

Question 15

The fact that there are a large number of mental disorders, that there tends to be excessive co-occurrence between multiple disorders, and that subclinical emotional disturbances need to be dealt with are all criticisms of:

Accepted Answer

A)  the bio-psycho-social model 
B)  psychometric assessment 
C)  the dimensional approach 
D)  the categorical approach

Question 16

A method of treatment for both internalizing and externalizing disorders in children is cognitive behavior therapy (CBT). Which one of the following is untrue about this form of treatment?

Accepted Answer

A)  CBT is a family- or child-focused treatment approach. 
B)  CBT improves psychological adjustment by changing hostile appraisal biases in depression. 
C)  A comparison of effect sizes across different experiments reveals that small effect sizes are associated with CBT for antisocial behavior whereas substantially larger effect sizes are found when CBT is used to treat anxiety. 
D)  CBT may be a component of multisystemic treatment.

Question 17

The view that children are either "orchids" or "dandelions" is consistent with which of the following models?

Accepted Answer

A)  diathesis-stress model 
B)  differential susceptibility model 
C)  medical model 
D)  biopsychosocial model

Question 18

Most mental disorders of childhood and adolescence are:

Accepted Answer

A)  impairments of emotional functioning. 
B)  anxiety disorders. 
C)  anger-related disorders. 
D)  depressive disorders.

Exam 12: Emotion-Based Disorders of Childhood