The Sample Covariance Can Be Calculated in Any of the Following

Short Answer

The sample covariance can be calculated in any of the following ways, with the exception of: a. $\frac { 1 } { n - 1 } \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { n } \left( X _ { i } - \bar { X } \right) \left( Y _ { i } - \bar { Y } \right)$ .
b. $\frac { 1 } { n - 1 } \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { n } X _ { i } Y _ { i } - \frac { n } { n - 1 } \bar { X } \bar { Y }$ .
c. $\frac { 1 } { n } \sum _ { i = 1 } ^ { n } \left( X _ { i } - \mu _ { X } \right) \left( Y _ { i } - \mu _ { Y } \right)$ .
d. $r _ { X Y } s _ { Y } s _ { Y }$ , where $r _ { X Y }$ is the correlation coefficient.