How Can the Graph Of $f ( x ) = - \frac { 1 } { x } - 4$

Multiple Choice

How can the graph of $f ( x ) = - \frac { 1 } { x } - 4$ be obtained from the graph of $y = \frac { 1 } { x }$ ?

A) By making a horizontal shift of 4 units to the left and a vertical shift of 1 unit down
B) By reflecting across the $x$ -axis and making a vertical shift of 4 units down
C) By reflecting across the $y$ -axis and making a horizontal shift of 4 units to the left
D) By making a horizontal shift of 1 unit to the right and a vertical shift of 4 units up